How to Spot Fake News Lesson Plan for Grades 9-12

Do We Need Sleep - 1051 Words

What exactly goes on in the brain during sleep? Nerve-signaling chemicals called neurotransmitters, control whether we are asleep or awake by acting on different groups of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain. Neurons in the brainstem, which connects the brain with the spinal cord, produce neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine that keep some parts of the brain active while we are awake (http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm). So why do we need sleep? Sleep is important to the essence of every person. Sleep offers the brain an opportunity to sort through new and old information, to find solutions to problems, and to archive memories. One of the essential roles of sleep is to help us solidify and centralize our memories. As we go about our day, our brains take in a very large amount of information. This information is not directly recorded, it’s rather that these facts and experiences first must be processed and stored; and mos t of this processing happens while we sleep. The brain reinforces memory and categorizes everything learned and removes any useless information. This paper will cover how lack of sleep can be detrimental to a person. The primary symptoms of sleep deprivation that will be discussed are dangerous health issues such as cognitive dysfunction, weight gain and physical health. The central nervous system is the information highway of the human body. To keep it functional sleep is a must. Sleep deprivationShow MoreRelatedWhy Do We Need Sleep?1713 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Do We Need Sleep? Typed By: Miracle Taylor Regulating sleep is something our bodies do that is as natural as eating, drinking, and breathing. This implies that sleeping serves a similar role in our health and well being. Even though it is difficult to answer the question â€Å"Why do we need sleep?† scientists have developed several theories that may explain why we spend a third of our lives sleeping. Comprehending these theories can help expand our appreciation of the functionRead MoreSleep: Why We Need It or Do We? There are many different philosophies on how much sleep the body1200 Words   |  5 PagesSleep: Why We Need It or Do We? There are many different philosophies on how much sleep the body needs or doesn’t need. Sleep has been said to be the body’s way of refueling. It allows the body to restore its mental energy (msnbc.com). The question is how much sleep does the body truly need to function? One theory pertaining to sleep is that if your body has a lack of sleep it would just adapt to less sleep. Sleep deprivation can cause us to lose our agility, cognitive, and immune responsesRead MoreThe Human Body And Body Needs Sleep835 Words   |  4 PagesTo Sleep. Everyone knows the human body needs sleep. For some people, sleep is what they enjoy most, but why do human beings need sleep? Why is the urge to collapse into the warm safety of our beds so tempting? Why are we so grumpy when we don’t get enough sleep? Sleeping isn’t only relaxing but it is also helpful to your brain and body. â€Å"We have to sleep because it is essential to maintaining normal levels of cognitive skills such as speech, memory, innovative and flexible thinking. Sleep alsoRead MoreHow Technology Affects Sleep1438 Words   |  6 PagesMany do not believe that we have a technology problem in today’s society. But, ninety-five percent of people use technology an hour before they go to sleep (How Technology Affects Sleep). This is an alarming amount of people who use technology before they go to sleep. You do not have to be looking directly at the technology to trigger the pineal gland to stop releasing melatonin (Kim). Many also believe that lack of sleep due to technology does not affect how they do their daily jobs. Seventy-fiveRead MoreSleep : Rapid Eye Movement1243 Words   |  5 Pages Sleep Jordan Maestas Mrs. Wallace English 12-5thâ€Æ' Sleep Sleep is vital for survival and is just as important to sustain life as food and water. Humans would not be able to survive without sleep. Without sleep our bodies would not get the rest needed for the necessary development and restoration. Sleep is a period of time when there is full or fractional unconsciousness and there is limited movement in our muscles. During sleep our brain and bodies get the rest that is crucial in order to performRead MoreSleep : A Condition Of Body And Mind990 Words   |  4 PagesSleep:/slÄ“p/ (noun) 1. A condition of body and mind such as that which typically recurs for several hours every night, in which the nervous system is relatively inactive, the eyes closed, the postural muscles relaxed, and consciousness practically suspended (Google Search Dictionary). Humans need sleep to function. Without it, our body cannot survive physically or mentally. Sleep helps the body replenish its need for energy and leaves you feeling awake and refreshed when y ou wake up; therefore, itRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep On Our Bodies904 Words   |  4 PagesWe all know that after a good night of sleep we feel recharged and happier, and if having gone without sleep for a while we may end up cranky and most likely cannot function correctly. But why do we feel better after waking up from a deep slumber and feel worse without sleep? Why do our bodies need to shut down for such a long period of time? Unfortunately scientists are still trying to find this answer themselves. Although through a sufficient amount of research, scientists have found out how sleepRead More Sleep, Dreams, and Our Mental and Physical Processes Essay1671 Words   |  7 PagesSleep, Dreams, and Our Mental and Physical Processes Scientists have been researching and conducting studies to discover the true meaning of sleep and dreams. Scientists have developed a few theories on whether we sleep and dream to build up our mental or physical energy. According to the author of an article in Encarta Encyclopedia, Siegel defined sleep as the natural state of rest characterized by reduced body movement and decreased awareness of surroundings (Siegel). In an article onRead MoreSleep Is Essential On A Daily Basis Essay1189 Words   |  5 Pages2016 Sleep Importance Sleep is essential on a daily basis. It allows the body to rest and replenish itself for the next day. These days, lack of sleep is a result of people not taking sleep seriously or having a lightly thought about sleep. Our sleep habits directly affect our life on a daily basis and it has an important role throughout our whole life. Not having the right amount of sleep every night can affect our mental and physical health. Having a better knowledge about what causes sleep problemsRead MoreDoes The Early Bird Really Get The Worm?983 Words   |  4 PagesSleep Does the early bird really get the worm? This has been an old time saying for many, many moons. Times are changing and many more people are starting to work/live the night life. Life is becoming more open at night as well. What is this really doing to the human body and can people functions properly being a night owl. In this paper we are going to be learning together and finding something we may have not known about. Does the early bird really get the worm? So how does the sleep cycle work

The Role of Computers in Medical Procedures Free Essays

We all live in an age of science and technology. The appliances of science and technology have revolutionized our way of life. There is nothing that has influenced our lives more than a computer. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Computers in Medical Procedures or any similar topic only for you Order Now There can not be any field that is devoid of the influence of computer applications. From agriculture to rocket science, computers have significant roles to play. The demand of computers has always been on the increase for some time in many fields. Among the fields that have made tremendous advances in the twentieth century due to the advent of computers, medicine stands out from the rest. Computers are used in medicine in almost all areas. Whether it is diagnosis, treatment, research or data management, computers have there own applications. Whatever we enjoy today in terms of our health may not be possible without the invaluable contribution of computers. Therefore, my endeavor is to discuss how significantly computers have contributed in the field of medicine. Diagnosis helps to determine the nature of a disease. Without a proper diagnosis, a disease can not be treated effectively. Before the advent of computers, physicians merely guessed at what caused certain diseases. Consequently, many patients either ended up in getting treatment for something that they did not require treatment for or losing their lives. This unfortunate situation does not exist at all now. Thanks to computers, physicians can diagnose a disease with astonishing efficiency nowadays. Modern diagnosis consists of three main steps. Taking of patient’s health history, examining the patient physically and conducting laboratory or radiological examinations are the three main steps. In all three steps, computers are used invariably. Instead of guessing the causes for a disease, the physicians just have to enter the symptoms of a patient into the computers. With the help of artificial intelligence, they get a crystal clear picture of the disease. For example, Twenty years ago, doctors relied on conjectures to determine the causes of heart attacks. But now, they use chemicals, nuclear imaging devices and databases they diagnose heart attacks with great accuracy and treat them with tremendous success. Telemedicine is a novel idea that can play a great part in diagnosis. In telemedicine, arrangements are made to see patients via video or computers links. When a specialist sees a patient through computer links, the specialist can provide diagnosis for the disease and help to obtain a proper treatment. Computers are also being used to produce patterns to help physicians diagnose problems of the brain. Research has revealed that a certain pattern of stripes can be painful to look at for some people. â€Å"The pattern resembles a circle filled with alternating black-and -white vertical stripes. At a viewing distance of forty-three centimeters, this grating has a spatial frequency of three cycles/degree of visual arc and a Michelson contrast of about 0.7.† As mentioned earlier, computers are used in medical treatments as well. Computer aided surgery known, as CAS can be a well-known example. Initially, CAS meant a technology of surgical simulation using three-dimensional organ models reconstructed by medical imaging using a computer graphics technique. There is a notion among the public that CAS completely replaces surgeons’ hands with robots. This is not the purpose of CAS. Invention in CAS is always to support surgeons but not replace them. Decision-making is the most important process in surgery. Only the surgeons should make decisions regarding a surgery. CAS can provide a lot of new styles of surgery that we have never imagined. Endoscopic surgery is good example. Modern surgery is to remove or replace legions, but rapid progress in laser surgery or radiological treatment may make it unnecessary in the future. Thanks to computers, surgery without operation has become reality. The Role of Computers in Storing and Processing Information Computers have been used as storage of medical information for many years. Electronic patient records called EPR are good examples to prove the worth of computers as information storage. Due to startup and running costs, training staff motivation, obsolesce, poor function possibility for abuse, risk of loss of confidentiality, EPR were not used very much in the past, but now they are very common. They have become almost indispensable. They have many advantages â€Å"Faster and simpler access to notes, maintenance of more detailed notes over longer periods, reduced staffing levels, ease of booking, investigation orders and results, health updates, reminders, integration with telemedicine, ease of integration of non-hospital based care, increased ability to collect health information.† Computers are used for scheduling and appointment keeping. They are used to keep track of patients’ visits. With the help of word processors, letters are typed and sent to patients reminding them for follow-up appointments. Accurate keeping of detailed patient records is extremely important to the medical practitioners. Therefore, medical practitioners have to rely on computers heavily in order to be efficient and successful in their profession. Exchange of medical information among the medical professionals has become a common thing now. With the help of computers, they are able to share valuable information with a high level of confidentiality. Computer conferencing is an effective way of achieving this purpose. The Role of Computers in Medical Research and Education The life span of human beings gets increased with the passage of time. This has been possible only owing to the concerted efforts effort’s of medical scientists. They have to conduct researches not only to find out the causes for different diseases and ailments, but also to explore new cures for those diseases. Computers are very much utilized in research and education. Modern computer is capable of designing drugs these days. At first, a scientist must find the molecular structure of the targeted virus or bacterium, and then a computer helps find a magic bullet drug to combat it. Incredible equipment from chemistry, atomic energy, and basic physics research help biologists find the structure of molecules. Radioisotopes are used to track molecule through any living organism. Chromatography is used to separate and identify chemicals. Through a computer nuclear magnetic resonance (N MR) produces images, that show charges in the living organism as they happen. Tiny electrodes monitor the movement of material in and out of a cell. Then the exact structure of a molecule is seen by an X-ray crystallography. Once the structure of the molecule is seen, the data is put into a computer and the image of the molecule appears on screen. The image can be turned around to view at all possible angles. The purpose is to design another molecule that will fit the disease organism. The new molecule will be an effective drug. â€Å"A drug designed in this way has a good chance of being effective and safe† Three-dimensional computer models of the human thorax, lungs, heart, arteries, and veins are already available to help train medical students. This allows students to be able to perform dissections or surgeries on the models instead of on real human cadavers. These major achievements in medicine have greatly helped people around the world. It has made life easier for us. Further more, computers are becoming an essential tool in medical education. They are used to enhance the learning process. The ability of a computer to incorporate text, graphics, animation, and sound all at the same time improves the presentations of materials better than a textbook. In addition, a concept known as a hypertext system helps the student to understand a specific topic better. A hypertext system allows the user to browse through other materials related to the user’s topic. Also, software-based programs are used for tutorials and multimedia textbooks. The Advantages of Computers in Medicine After the introduction of computers to medicine, we have witnessed an abrupt abundance of new technologies and discoveries in this field. However, computers are also beneficial in medical education and its practice. As new developments are made in medicine, the medical literature continues to grow. There has not been such a huge explosion of new information in history than these past few decades. â€Å"It is estimated that that the quantity of information is doubling every two years.† Yet, our brain capacity stays the same. The ability of a computer to incorporate text, graphics, animation, and sound help students to understand and retain more information. Also, a computer can link the students to other areas related to the subject of their studies. This application of computers to incorporate more text and graphics is known as the use of hypertext and/or hyper media. This is very advantageous because more of the senses are engaged, increasing the chances to recall the information presented. Another matter to keep in consideration is that the information can easily be updated and immediately distributed to those concerned. This allows students and physicians to obtain current information to serve their patients better. In the practice of medicine, doctors have been relieved of the small manual tasks they must perform. For example, doctors no longer have to be bothered keeping manual records of patient visits. There are fewer chances of losing or forgetting an appointment and it so the information can easily be retrieved. In maintaining billing, the computer is very accurate when performing mathematical tasks. In addition, it allows doctors to keep very organized and detailed patient records. Also computers provide assistance in decision-making situations. In making a diagnosis, the doctor simply has to enter the patient’s symptoms and the computer provides him or her possible diagnosis and therapies. If a doctor wishes to consult with other doctors, he contacts them through E-mails. The computer also allows doctors to keep with current news and differentiate which alternative therapies have scientific basis. Overall, computers have helped doctors in serving their patients to the best of thei r abilities. The Disadvantages of Computers in Medicine Where there are benefits, there are also problems. The negative impact of computers on people in our society is that people can become over-dependent on them. They rely on the computer to do everything. When the computer fails to work out a problem, they become distraught. Computer reliance is a big downfall for many people. Computers do not always give correct answers. There are occasions where the computer will make the wrong diagnosis, which can result in the worsening of a patient’s condition. Another problem with computers is that they are prone to viruses and breakdowns. If a virus enters a computer, it has the potential to destroy every file in it. Then, all patient records are lost. Computer breakdowns and power shortages prevent the doctor form accessing patients’ records and files. However, scanning the computer for viruses and making backup hard copies can prevent this. Computers can never mechanize the art of medicine. Neither can they eliminate the need of human beings. What they can do is help us bring relevant and timely information to bear on our care of individual patients. They can also help run the medical offices or hospitals in a way that makes good business sense. That is why many physicians have embraced the computer and made information technology an integral part of their approach to patient care. That is why they have been able to meet the increasing needs of the patents remarkably well. How to cite The Role of Computers in Medical Procedures, Essay examples

Business Structure Supreme Pty Ltd

Question: Discuss about the Business Structure for Supreme Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction: In the first part of this assignment, it needs to be discussed, which business structure will be most suitable for Jack, Jill and Max, who are already running a successful business of selling trucks. However they have not yet organized a formal business structure therefore they want advice regarding the business structure that will be most appropriate for them. For this purpose, the advantages and the disadvantages that are related with the options available to them in this regard also need to be discussed. In second part of the assignment, the liability of Child Toys Supreme Pty Ltd needs to be discussed regarding a statement made by a salesperson of the company, Betty. She had promised to the retailer customers of the company that the toys being sold by the company do not contain any harmful plastic chemicals but this statement was not true. The result was that the retailer customers of the company lost sales when the truth regarding the presence of chemical elements in the toys becomes known. At the same time, a child is also seriously injured as a result of these harmful chemicals. Under these circumstances, the liability of Child Toys Supreme Ltd needs to be discussed. Another issue that is present in this regard is if Child Toys can take action against Charles as he had formed a company that competes with the business of Child Toys in violation of the clause present in the employment contract of Charles. In this case, the issue that needs to be decided is related with the business structure that will prove to be most suitable for Jack, Jill and Max. For this purpose, they want to know the advantages and disadvantages that are connected with the business structure that they can adopt in the future. On the basis of the facts that have been provided in this version, you can be said that the incorporation of the company will prove to be most suitable for the parties. The reason is that several benefits will be available to Jack, Jill and Max if they opt for the incorporation of a company. For example, the benefit of limited liability will be available to the parties in this case. Consequently, if Jack, Jill and Max have registered a company for running their business, their liability will be limited as the shareholders of the company. The reason is that according to the law, the shareholders are generally not treated as liable for the debts that have been incurred by the company (Gillies, 2004.). In case of a company, the shareholders will only be liable up to the amount that has been invested by them in the company (Foss v Harbottle, 1843). Likewise, the creditors of the company are allowed to enforce their rights only against the company and the sides cannot be enforced against the shareholders (Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd., 1925). Another benefit available in case of a company is that of perpetual succession (Graw and Sangkuhl, 2015). The existence of the company is not dependent on the shareholders/directors or other officers (Re Noel Tedman Holdings Pty Ltd. 1967). Consequently, the existence of the company will not be impacted by any changes made as a result of the death or retirement of members. The reason behind this position is that a company is stated as having its own identity. By incorporating a company in the present case, the parties will also have a significant source to raise capital for the business. For example, a company can issue different classes of shares for the purpose of raising capital. One more benefit that is available in case of a company is that it provides prestige and credibility to the business. However this does not mean that there are no disadvantages associated with the business structure of a company. Therefore when the parties decide to register Company, visit also keep in mind these disadvantages. The first disadvantages that the initial cost of setting up a company is higher as compared to the situation when the parties are running their business as sole trader or partnership (Hanrahan, 2010). The regulatory requirements that have been imposed on a company are also higher than the parties have registered a company. According to the law, the records of the company should be maintained diligently (Harris, Hargovan and Adams, 2015). The company is also required to elect their directors, hold their meetings and certain information is also required to be provided to the shareholders. In this case, Jack, Jill and Max have been running their ranking business successfully. However there now, they are not organized in a formal business structure. Consequently, it can be advised that they should opt for the registration of a company for running their business. In this part of the question, the issue is if Marty is responsible for the misrepresentation and negligence of Betty, who is a salesperson of Child Toys Supreme while Marty is the sole director of the company. Betty had promised to a retailer customer that the toys of the company do not contain any harmful plastic chemicals, but in reality, it was not true. The result was that the child suffered serious injuries and the retailer customer also lost sales. Under these circumstances, the issue arises if Child Toys can be held accountable to the injured child and the retailer customers. According to the law, it has been clearly mentioned that the principal will be liable for the acts of the agent when the agent was acting within its authority that has been conferred under the agency agreement. As a result of this position under the law, if the agent has acted while furthering the interests of his or her principal and similarly it can be said that the actions of the agent are according to the agency agreement, it can be said that the legal liability arising out of such acts may fall on the principal (Vermeesch and Lindgren, 2011). In such a situation, it has been provided by the law that if any third party has been wronged as a result of the actions of the agent, such person can either sue the principal or the agent (Fleming, 2011). But if in such a case, the third party has decided to sue the agent, in such a case and option is available to the agent to enforce the right according to which, the agent can be indemnified by the principal (Khoury and Yamouni, 2010). Hence, it is very important that the principle remains aware of the scope of authority provided to the agent in accordance with agency agreement (Vermeesch and Lindgren, 2005). But in some cases, the law may presu me that the agent will be held directly liable for such actions (Lambiris, 2011). In this context, an example can be given of the situation where there has been fraud or gross negligence committed by the agent (Lipton, Herzberg and Welsh, M, 2016). But even in such a case, sometimes the principal can still be considered as liable although the actions of the agent was beyond the authority that has been provided to the agent. In the present question, it has to be seen that the Australian Consumer Law prohibits any misleading or deceptive conduct that may take place in context of trade and commerce (Williams v Pisano, 2015). This provision is a part of section 18 of the Act. Therefore in this case, Betty had made a misrepresentation while he was acting as a salesperson of the company or in other words, was the agent of the company (Lambris, 2010). Under these circumstances, a misrepresentation has been made by Betty and it can be said that this statement was made by Betty in furtherance of the business of the principal (Seddon and Ellinghas, 2008). As a result, in this case Child Toys will be held responsible for the misrepresentation and the loss and injuries suffered by the third parties. The issue arises in this part is if any action can be taken by Child Toys Pty Ltd against Charles for his actions. The issue arises due to the fact that there was a clause in the employment contract of John's according to which he was prohibited from competing against Child Toys Pty Ltd for two years after he has retired. But soon after his retirement, Charles decided to start a business that was in direct competition with Child Toys. With this objective in mind, Charles and his wife formed a company, Better Toys Pty Ltd. In this company, the sole director was Charles' wife, while both of them were the shareholders of the company. Under these circumstances, it has to be determined if the restrictive covenant that was present in Charles' employment contract with Child Toys can be enforced against the new company, Better Toys Pty Ltd. For this purpose, the corporate veil may need to be lifted. According to the basic principle of corporations law, a company is considered as having its own distinct identity and therefore it is separate from its members (Graw, 2011). The doctrine of separate legal identity was mentioned by the court in Salomon v Salomon (1896). However with the passage of time, a number of exceptions have been developed to this rule (Graw, 2008). Therefore, there are certain circumstances when the court may set aside the distinct identity of a corporation and hold the members of the corporation, liable for his actions (Associated Foreign Exchange Ltd v International Foreign Exchange (UK) Ltd., 2010). This action is called lifting the corporate veil. Such an action was taken by the court in Gilford Motor Company Ltd v Horne (1933). The facts of this case resemble the issue present in this question. Mr. Horne was acting as a managing director of Gilford Motor Company and after he had left the company, he established another company and started soliciting the customers of Gilford Motor Company. The section was in breach of the non-competition covenant that has been mentioned in this employment contract. Therefore while deciding the issue, an injunction was granted by the Court of Appeal against Horne and his company. The court stated that the new company can be considered as a cloak that has been used by Horne to breach the non-competition covenant. A similar decision was given in Jones v Lipman (1962). In this case also, Charles had incorporated Better Toys Pty Ltd with a view to evade the breach of covenant according to which, Charles will not compete with the business of Child Toys for two years after he has left the company. In this way, the court may decide to let the corporate veil and the covenant can be imposed against the members of Better Toys Pty Ltd. Hence, action can be taken against Charles and Better Toys for the breach of covenant. References Fleming, J., 2011. The Law of Torts. Law Book Company. Gillies P., 2004. Business Law. 12th ed. Australia: Federation Press. Graw, P., and Sangkuhl, W 2015 Understanding Business Law 7th ed LexisNexis Butterworths Graw, S 2011, An Introduction to the Law of Contract, 7th Ed., Thomson Reuters. Graw, S., 2008. An Introduction to the Law of Contract. 6th ed. Australia: Thomson. Hanrahan, P., 2010. Commercial Application of Company Law. Australia: CCH. Harris, J. Hargovan, A. Adams, M. 2015, Australian Corporate Law LexisNexis Butterworths 5th edition, Khoury, D., Yamouni, Y., 2010. Understanding Contract Law. 10th ed. Australia: LexisNexis Lambiris, M., 2011, First Principles of Business Law, Australia: CCH. Lambris, M., 2010, First Principles of Business Law, Australia: CCH. Lipton P, Herzberg A and Welsh, M, 2016, Understanding Company Law, 18th edition 2016 Thomson Reuters Seddon N.C. and Ellinghas M.P., 2008, Cheshire and Fifoots Law of Contract, Australia 27th ed. Butterworths Vermeesch, R B, Lindgren, K E, 2011, Business Law of Australia Butterworths, 12th Edition Vermeesch, R. B., and Lindgren, K. E., 2005, Business Law of Australia, 11th ed. Australia: Butterworths. Associated Foreign Exchange Ltd v International Foreign Exchange (UK) Ltd and Another ChD (2010) EWHC 1178 Foss v Harbottle (1843) 67 ER 189 Gilford Motor Co Ltd v Horne [1933] Ch 935 Jones v Lipman and Another ChD ([1962] 1 WLR 832 Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd [1925] AC 619 Re Noel Tedman Holdings Pty Ltd. (1967) QdR 561 Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd [1896] UKHL 1 Williams v Pisano [2015] NSWCA 177.