Tourism and the balance of payments

Tourism and the balance of payments Introduction Tourism is the movement of people from their normal places of work and residence to places they are not familiar with as well as the activities they carry out during the time they stay in such activities.In addition the activities they carry out are for fun to them.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Tourism and the balance of payments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other definitions of tourism have also been given (Mathieson and Wall 4). Bhatia (5) says that tourism is travelling for enjoyment, business functions and recreational purposes. The people who engage in this are known as tourist. Tourists can either be local or international tourists. Local tourists travel in their own countries and enjoy the beautiful scenes. International tourists, on the other hand, come from other places for tourism purposes. In the modern day tourism has become a major activity in the world as compared in the pre vious years. There has been tremendous percentages increase in international travels by the tourists over the years. For instance, in the year 2011 there were more than 980 million tourists in the world. This represented a 4.6% increase as compared to the previous years. Tourism is an important aspect to different countries. It affects all aspects of life, that is, education, culture, economics and social aspects. One of the major contributions of the tourism is to ensure inflow of income to the country in which the tourists visits (Mathieson and Wall 20). Tourism is also a major source of employment to the citizens of the country either directly or indirectly. For example in the transport sectors, hotel industry and entertainment places (Holloway 3)Advertising Looking for research paper on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Balance of payments is records on all monetary engagements between a specific count ry and all outside countries. The engagement occurs in form of exchange of goods and services that are at issue. The balance of payments is recorded in form of account which records the exports as inflows and the imports as outflows. Goods received are positive gains while imports results to funds outflow. A balance of payment would be experiences if what is imported is more than what the country sells outside its territories. Conversely, if the country is exporting more than what is importing, the country is experiencing a surplus in terms of the balance of payments (Mathieson and Wall 26) Relationship between Tourism and the balance of payments Bhatia (10) says that imbalances are always possible in the different accounts of the balance of payments for example in the current and capital account. Continued existence of the deficit balance of payments will result to the country becoming highly indebted while imbalances as result of surplus will result to the country accumulating mor e wealth and hence growth in the economy. The central bank of any country is a major participant in the balanced of payment of any country. There is a great interrelationship between the tourism sector and the balance of payments. Most countries have started to develop measures to deal with the balance of payments through the use of the tourism sector. A good example is the countries in the Far East as their economy depend on the tourism activities. Bhatia (11) explains most of these countries could be experiencing weak balance of payment, if they were not relying on international tourism.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Tourism and the balance of payments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other word, tourism is major contributor in a country having a strong balance of payments. These counties could have been forced to reduce the amount of import to other countries. The main source of information on the i ncome gained from the tourism sector is indicated in the balance of payment account. The travel part of the balance of payment account indicates the receipts in amount obtained from the tourism industry. This account also shows the position of the total inflows and outflows in terms of the income from the tourism industry. The balance of payments obtained from the tourism sector is known as the invisible balance of payments. This is because tourism is an invisible service (Nowak and Sgro 17). This mean that the exports of goods and services are put against exports and imports from foreign tourism to come up with the balance of payments. At the same time the income spent by the foreign tourists visiting the country is also compared with the expenditures the local tourist spends on the foreign countries. This will result to net balance of payments. In more simple terms, there is a difference between a country visible and invisible balance of payments. The visible one comes from the ex port and imports of visible goods. The one for invisible balance of payment is the one which results from the services industry with tourism, banking and investments sectors. Tourism balance of payment is term which has developed in the modern days. It refers to a country inflows and outflows. These inflows are the expenditures by foreign tourists in the country while the outflows are the tourism expenditures by the people of such country abroad (Nowak and Sgro18)Advertising Looking for research paper on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Mathieson and Wall (14), income from the tourism can assist the economy of the country to balance national balance of payment. Historically, tourism is known to have affected the balance of payments in two major ways. The effect can be within the country or internationally. This will help determine the foreign income which is then compared with the costs incurred to earn such revenues. Broadly, the effects of tourism can be divided into three: the primary, secondary effects and tertiary effects. Primary effects are direct and can be measured easily while the secondary effects indirect and not easy to measure. The primary effect deals with the actual use of foreign tourists in the country and consumption of the country citizens abroad. The effect happens when the international borders are crossed. Secondary effects are either direct, indirect or induced effects. Direct effects include imports, agents’ commissions and dividend payments. Indirect effects include exp enditure by the tourists while the induced secondary effects include expatriate labor remitted back to the country. Tertiary effects are the effects that are not directly initiated by the income from the tourism. These include the products that are exported back to the country as well as the investment opportunities that come up with tourism (Bhatia 16). Mathieson and Wall (20) explains that the expenditure by tourists and those of the citizen abroad are taken as travel balance and this is considered together with the tourism balance to determine the largest net effect on the balance of payment. A country balance of payment whether tourism or not plays an important role. It ensures the currency of the specific country maintain value as compared to other foreign currencies. If there is continued tourism imbalance of payments, this results to an existence of an imbalance in the supply of international currencies as compared to demands. Consequently, there will be a disparity between t he two currencies making the weakening of the host county currency. The same case will also apply if the demand of foreign currency is high and the supply is low, the local currency will be strengthened. The two scenarios can be of advantage or disadvantage to the country. A weakening currency of nay country will result to imports becoming more expensive while the exports become cheaper. Domestic price rise, that is, inflationary effects. A strong currency will make the domestic prices goes down to the advantage of the local people. The inflationary effects of the currency can be reduced by increasing the interest rates. However, these fluctuations will result to negative effects to the economy of the country and more specifically to the tourism sectors. These fluctuations will reduce the number of tourists visiting the country as well as those going abroad. Depreciation of the currency of a country increases the cost of foreign tourism. It also lowers the foreign currency price of the tourists coming to any specific country. One method that can be used to deal with the problem of balance of payments is through development of the tourism sector as an invisible export (Nowak and Sgro 12). However, it is dependent on the low requirement of the imports used in the tourism sector as well as the prospected economic development. According to Bhatia (10), there are different major components of tourism balance of payments. These include international tourism receipts in form of credits which include payments to national carriers, international fare credits, international tourism expenditure and international fare expenditures. The effect of tourism in the economy is divided into four categories: on income, employment, balance of payments as well as investment income. Another major impact of the tourism industry on the economy is the creation of job opportunity and the generation of foreign income. Income generated is a key factor in the national balance of payments. The multiplier effect on the economy is the factor that is used to determine the amount of benefit obtained from the tourism sector. This multiplier effects have an economic dimension as explained by Bhatia. Bhatia (7) states that the money paid by the tourists is used to cater for different costs they incur for instance goods and services they use and the salaries and wages of the staff. The recipient of the money will in the process use the money to cater for their financial needs. Through a continued flow of the funds, they stimulate different sectors of the economy (Rowe and Borein 31). In the process of transfers, leakages occur. Leakages can occur in three different methods: through remitting of the income to foreign parties, direct or indirect taxation by the government as well as savings by the workers outside the tourism industry. This in turn stimulates the balance of payments. The income from the tourism sector can be divided into smaller factors. This income has both dir ect and indirect economic benefits to the country. These incomes are used to pay for the wages of the staffs of the tourism related industry hence creating wealth. The money is in circulation but leakages occur. When such leakages occur the income is taxed by the government. This taxes acts as incomes to the country. As a result, tourism sector plays an important role in ensuring the economy of the country experience a surplus balance of payment which is healthy for the country (Mathieson and Wall 26). Bhatia, Sujata. International Tourism Management, New Delhi, India: Sterling Publishers Ltd, 2001. Print. Bhatia, Sujata. Tourism development. New Delhi, India: Sterling Publishers Ltd, 2002. Print. Holloway, John. The Business of Tourism, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 1998.  Print. Mathieson Well and G. Wall. Tourism, Economic, Physical and Social Impacts, Essex:  Wesley Longman Limited, 1992. Print. Nowak, Sahli and P. Sgro. Tourism, Trade and Domestic Welfare: Pacific Econ omic Review. New Jersey: Wiley Blackwell, 2003. Print. Rowe, Anne and F. Borein. Travel and tourism. London: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Print.

Dealing With Divorce Through Humor

Dealing With Divorce Through Humor Divorce is not funny business. Its hard to laugh when two people are fighting over money, property, and kids. However, divorce is  gaining social acceptance in many parts of the world.  Humor helps to alleviate the pain of separation, and sarcasm brings out your witty side. So, if you feel like being nasty, it is better to release your nastiness through sarcastic quotes  than by snapping at your friends and family. If you are going through a difficult divorce, you may want to lighten up. Make room for humor in your heart, however bitter you feel right now.  Find ways to vent your disappointment. Rant  out loud with friends. If you are seething with anger, let off some steam with these funny divorce quotes. A sense of humor may be your best friend during this difficult time. Divorce Quotes Lewis GrizzardInstead of getting married again, Im just going to find a woman I dont like and give her a house. Oscar WildeDivorces are made in heaven. Dave BarryToday, it is easier to get divorced in most states than to get a transmission repaired properly. Garry TrudeauIn Palm Springs, they think homelessness is caused by bad divorce lawyers. John Kenneth GalbraithThe happiest time of anyones life is just after the first divorce. Zsa Zsa GaborHe taught me housekeeping; when I divorce I keep the house. Woody AllenThe only time my wife and I had a simultaneous orgasm was when the judge signed the divorce papers. I should have known something was wrong with my first wife. When I brought her home to meet my parents, they approved of her. Mary Kay BlakelyDivorce is the psychological equivalent of a triple coronary bypass. After such a monumental assault on the heart, it takes years to amend all the habits and attitudes that led up to it.   J. B. HandelsmanJust another of our many disagreements. He wants a no-fault divorce, whereas I would prefer to have the bastard crucified. Jimmy FallonA 99-year-old man is filing for divorce from his 96-year-old wife, making them the worlds oldest divorced couple. Its got to be weird when a divorce lawyer is fighting for your kids to get custody of you.A new study found that women gain more weight after marriage, but men gain more weight after a divorce. Yeah, the divorce usually takes place after men point out that women gained more weight after marriage. Groucho MarxMarriage is the chief cause of divorce. Jean KerrBeing divorced is like being hit by a Mack truck.  If you live through it, you start looking very carefully to the right and to the left. Johnny CarsonThe difference between a divorce and a legal separation is that a legal separation gives a husband time to hide his money. Wendy LiebmanMy mother always said dont marry for money, divorce for money. Robin WilliamsAh, yes, divorce... from the Latin word meaning to rip out a mans genitals through his wallet. Helen RowlandLove, the quest; marriage, the conquest; divorce, the inquest. Dave BarryYou should be prepared for anything during divorce proceedings- even the truth. James CaanTo get over my divorce, I got a prescription to live at the Playboy Mansion for a while. Ruth GordonIn our family, we dont divorce our men- we bury them.   Mike TysonYou cant stay married in a situation where you are afraid to go to sleep in case your wife might cut your throat. Bette DavisI’d marry again if I found a man who had $15 million and would sign over half of it to me before the marriage and guarantee he’d be dead in a year. Lenny ClarkeI can’t get divorced because I’m a Catholic. Catholics don’t get divorced. They stay together through anger and hatred and festering misery, just like God intended. Mickey RooneyA lot of people have asked me how short I am. Since my last divorce, I think Im about $100,000 short. Evan EsarSome women get divorces on the grounds of incompatibility; others, on just the first two syllables. Many a woman would get a divorce if she could do it without making her husband happy. Tommy ManvilleShe cried- and the judge wiped her tears with my checkbook. Louis C.K.Divorce is always good news. I know that sounds weird, but its true because no good marriage has ever ended in divorce. That would be sad. If two people were married and they just had a great thing and then they got divorced, that would be really sad. But that has happened zero times. Chelsea PerettiMy parents divorced when I was one year old so I don’t really remember any of the details, but luckily, my mom does so she’s been really helpful. John CleeseI got off lightly. Think what I’d have had to pay Alyce if she had contributed anything to the relationship- such as children or a conversation. Russell BrandWhen youre a monk, youre not allowed to have sex with anyone. When youre married, its one person. Thats one more than a monk. Its not that different.

Art History essay question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art History essay question - Assignment Example Pre-historic art was commonly done in the cave, therefore it is not considered to be a movement by human beings but a period of artistic evolution and development. It comprises the whole painting and forms of drawings which were evident in caves. In addition, human sculptures are part of these ancient or prehistoric arts. In the current world most information, ideas or feelings are expressed in artistic form and these expressions did not start with the modern world; it was prehistorically expressed by the ancient people. On the other hand this was considered to be their main way of expression and preserving of certain information. The prehistoric people also decorated themselves with particular coloring matter to enhance beauty. The ancient near east is commonly remembered for the earliest civilization which developed in Mesopotamia. This was a region between two rivers the Euphrates and Tigris, currently called Iraq. The major civilization landmarks evident in this place were the mushrooming of urban centers resulting into the title â€Å"Cradle of Civilization†. Mesopotamia is commonly known also for the greater inventions of agricultural related machines and technologies. More so, the main reason why the region was named as near Middle East was due to its strategic position in the middle or near to the countries to the immediate west. The historical art of the ancient eastern has been largely related to the western art although the worse was more inclined to the biblical land thus rendering the eastern historical art meaningful to their art history. The historical art of the ancient Greece is greatly remembered for several reasons and a number of historic contributions they added to the world of history. The most significant historical archaic and artistic work of the western world was adamantly created and finalized in the 16th century as free paintings of

Individual project Drugs Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual project Drugs Abuse - Essay Example The psychological reasons for drug addiction might include the notion that some people want to find the state of unconsciousness in order not to think about current problems, some drug addicts started using drugs for medical purposes and reached the condition of not being able to control their desires (this type of addiction is neither sociological not psychological), some people, both youth and adults, use the drugs because they are able to change the way the person feels (it is especially common when the person does not want to have that feeling), some of the artists are heavy drug addicts because they believe that drugs are able to cause the creative process. In my opinion, the sociological and psychological causes of drug addiction are interrelated and cannot be perceived separately. For example, the young man from the poor district, whose friends are all drug addicts and spent their time robbing and stealing from others in order to get some money to buy more drugs is very likely to become drug addicts as well. Both sociological and psychological causes are present here: sociological are poverty, absence of employment, peer pressure, the unawareness about how to live differently; the psychological are undesired to be different, â€Å"everybody around does it why should I be different†, â€Å"I want to be one of them† and similar thoughts. Thus, both explanations supplement each other. For example, some of the drug addictions are caused by the social forums when some of the rituals include chemical use to evoke the â€Å"happy moments† and some of the religions incorporate the usage of the mind-altering chemicals. The drugs can heighten the desires and give the false sense of power and fearlessness. Thus, people who are really shy in the normal life can become very aggressive when addicted to drugs. Drugs show the bad side of the human soul and create the perfect condition for criminal

Guantanamo Bay and Habeas Corpus Essay Example for Free

Guantanamo Bay and Habeas Corpus Essay Since September 11, 2001, Americans have faced a new enemy that is not distinguishable by conventional terms of the law of war. As a result of this fact, the detention of these enemy forces has brought about a large debate among, mostly, the Executive branch and the Supreme Court. At the center of the debate is the rights of the enemy detainees. The Supreme Court argues that because their detention is at a location that is under the complete control of the United States, their rights are blanketed under the Suspension Clause of the Constitution and as such, they should be granted the right to seek Habeas Corpus. The Executives maintain that unlawful enemy combatants have no rights under the Constitution of the United States and that the President retains full control over their detention. This paper will look at the English and American background of Habeas Corpus and how it plays into the landscape of war today. I will also briefly look at past suspensions of the writ, as well as the perspectives of the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches and how the writ applies to alien enemy combatants. I will also offer my own perspective on the same. Quite simply put, an unlawful enemy combatant caught fighting against the United States oversees and brought to a location that the U.S. does not have sovereignty over, should not be afforded the same rights as the citizens and alien residents of our great nation that they fight against. The ‘Great Writ’ of Habeas Corpus has its’ roots in English Common Law dating back as early as the 13th century. The literal meaning in Latin is â€Å"to have the body† which quite basically obliged that the jailor bring the accused before a court (the King’s Bench) to determine if his detainment and confinement was lawful. In fact, the writ was meant to regulate jailors, resolve issues with jurisdiction and monitor the powers of the magistrates (Halliday, J.D., 2010). It was not a tool used to release the prisoner, but a tool of governance. When the writ traversed the Atlantic Ocean and came to America, it was, and still is, considered the most important safeguard ofpersonal liberty. Habeas Corpus is protected in the Constitution of the United States in Article 1, Section 9 wherein it states â€Å"The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it† (Levin-Waldman, 2012). From its inception in the United States, Habeas has remained virtually unchanged. The Writ has only been suspended by the President and authorized by Congress four times in America’s history with the first instance when President Lincoln suspended it during the Civil War in order to detain opposing forces who were attempting to prevent troops trying to protect the Capital. Since then, it was used by Grant in the Ku Klux Klan Act, the rebellion in 1902 and in 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor (Jackson, 2010). Even during these times the suspension was lifted once the war or threat thereof was over (Langford, 2003) and those detained as a result were either released or tried and convicted. It wasn’t until the horrific attacks of September 11, 2001 where terrorist agents used commercial airplanes as weapons of mass destruction to kill thousands of innocent civilians within the borders of the United States that the issue of the suspension of Habeas Corpus came to the forefront once again. After the attacks, Congress wrote the Authorization to Use Military Force (AUMF), which granted the President to use â€Å"all necessary and appropriate force†¦against all nations, persons, operatives, etc. involved in the plotting and execution of the September 11th attacks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Piret, 2008). It is well known that the President’s first priority is that of Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces in times of War. After the horrific attacks in 2001, President Bush declared a †Å"War on Terror†. This type of war has no precedence in history in which to go by; it consists of unconventional fighters using unconventional methods of attacks unlike any seen under the law of war. ]As a result of these circumstances, it was crucial for the President to initiate his wartime authority to detain belligerents fighting against the United States and her allies and detain them in a location in order to protect the nation’s security against future attacks. The President unilaterally labelled these detainees as â€Å"unlawful enemy combatants†- persons who did not wear uniforms of a nation or state, carry conventional weapons, or direct their assaults strictly on armed forces- which is the definition given to prisoners of war (POW’s) (Acharya, 2012). Due to the vast allocation of the military’s assets and service members fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan, the President needed a location to detain these combatants away from the battlefield, Guantanamo Bay or GITMO. GITMO is a military location in Cuba that the United States has had an open-ended lease for since 1903. According to the Bush administration, this location was ideal because the area was under Cuban sovereignty but under the complete control of the United States. This meant that the long arms of the law would not reach to GITMO and the President essentially had free reign as to the treatment and length of detention of these unlawful enemy combatants. With this status, the administration argued that they could hold a detainee for an undisclosed amount of time without trial because the War on Terror was essentially ongoing. Also, this status allotted that the detainees could not be tried in civilian courts or be granted the rights and protections afforded to POW’s under the Geneva Convention (Piret, 2008). Because of these unique circumstances, the Courts became inundated with petitions for Habeas Corpus rights. The Executive branch argued that the courts could hear applications only â€Å"within their respective jurisdictions† and that Guantanamo did not fall within U.S. sovereignty, basically asserting that the judges had no authorization to hear cases from non-citizens that were held in a place where Cuba retained sovereignty. Because the nation was at war, the President retained full war time powers and could essentially be the judge, jury and jailer of the accused held at Guantanamo Bay (Healy, 2012). As a result, a few groundbreaking cases came in front of the Supreme Court. One of these cases was Rasul vs. Bush wherein the Supreme Court rejected the administration’s claim that the President had the power to jail those accused of terrorist activities without access to lawyers and without access to any possibility of judicial review (www.oyez.org ). The decision held that the detention of the defendants did in fact hinder on the Fifth Amendment rights. After the impact of Rasul and another case decided by the Supreme Court on the same day, Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, the executives were forced to create military tribunals called Combatant Status Review Tribunals (CSRTs), that afforded minimal protection to prisoners(Foley, 2007). However, these tribunals did not allow for the prisoner to obtain legal counsel, did not  have juries, and could rely on hearsay and coerced confessions by innocents. Unfortunately, these tribunals were heavily weighted towards the government and even though the process did result in the release of a number of detainees, the majority of CSRT’s have affirmed the detainees to be unlawful enemy combatants (Chesney, 2008 and Foley, 2007). The executive branch, despite these facts, argued that the CSRTs most closely resembled that of courts-martial that were afforded to members of the military, while still falling far short of Habeas rights. Amidst this rather heated debate amongst the Supreme Court and the Executive branch, Congress remained on the outskirts for the most part. Congress has never attempted to restrict or interfere with the President’s authority to detain belligerents; their main points were that the purpose of military detention was exclusively preventative and evidence of liability is not necessary for the United States to detain a suspected terrorist. However, because of the Court’s rulings, Congress did enact the Military Commissions Act of 2006. More or less, the MCA afforded the detainees the right to challenge the basis of their detention, the right to hear charges, and the right to testify, introduce evidence, and witnesses. Nevertheless, MCAs still allowed for coerced evidence to be produced. Additionally, the MCA empowered the Executives further and further delineated the courts from the review process afforded under Habeas Corpus. Coinciding with the MCA, Congress also intervened with the Detainee Treatment Act (DTA) that essentially provided a replacement mechanism for Habeas for judicial review where the Court of Appeals could determine if the CSRTs complied with regulations in place by the Defense Department and if those regulations were consistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States (Chesney, 2008). Despite the efforts of both the Executives and Congress to deplete the role of the Courts, the Supreme Court handed down a landmark 5-4 ruling in Boumediene v. Bush. Bouemediene brought up the issue of constitutional privilege of Habeas which it held could not be withdrawn without conforming to the Suspension Clause in the Constitution. In its ruling, the majority found that the MCA deprived the Federal Courts to hear habeas claims,  therefore unconstitutionally stripping their rights to the same (Piret, 2008). The Court held that even though the U.S. did not have sovereign control over GITMO, the complete control over the base made habeas rights a necessity. The majority also struck the DTA claiming that it fell short and did not provide a level of protection required to override suspension of habeas. Because of Boumediene, Congress cannot enact jurisdiction –stripping legislation to deny executive detainees’ access to judicial review that it twice tried to do with MCA and DTA. Nevertheless, that the â€Å"Court and the writ of Habeas Corpus is indispensable for monitoring separation of powers, and the test for determining the scope cannot be subjected to manipulation by those whose power it is designed to restrain† (US Newswire, 2011). On the other side of the court, the dissenters thought that the majority’s decision ignored the Constitution’s structure and defied Congress in establishing procedures for appeals. They went further to say that the historical survey is inconclusive about alien prisoners outside of formal U.S. territory, and Justice Scalia says that the fact that even in the English cases, no alien was granted or rejected the right to the writ which was further proof that Habeas was not in favor (US Newswire, 2011). The dissenters furthered their point by stating that the Boumediene ruling is â€Å"the most generous set of protections ever afforded to aliens detained as enemy combatants in any war, ever† and that the decision was not about the detainees but about the Court’s control of Federal policy (Acharya, 2012, Healy, 2012 and Piret, 2008). In light of all of the controversy surrounding Guantanamo Bay and whether the detainees have a constitutional right to it, one needs to look carefully again at the Suspension Clause â€Å"The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it†. It is the last part of this clause that needs the most emphasis when looking at it from the â€Å"War on Terror† perspective â€Å"†¦the public Safety may require it.† Because terrorists are bred from many nations, do not have a uniform to be easily recognized by, and can walk within the boundaries of the United States virtually  undetected, the law of war holds a different ground. Terrorists are by far and large profoundly hard to distinguish as there is no set guideline. Regardless of the fact that a belligerent fighter is a U.S. citizen or an alien combatant, they should all be reviewed in the same manner, as that of unlawful enemy combatants. Under that status, they should not be afforded the rights allotted to the citizens and resident aliens of the United States. Having said that, it should be the President’s sole responsibility as Commander in Chief to detain these belligerents for as long as it takes to ensure the safety of Nation. On another level, the Supreme Court in its Boumediene ruling left out a few key factors to determine a proper procedure in the detention of the unlawful enemy combatants in areas other than Guantanamo Bay. It also did not clearly define whether its ruling affected trials currently scheduled to occur in CSRTs. The Court did not establish whether granting habeas rights to detainees at Guantanamo would further put Americans’ lives at risk by bringing them into the very states that they fight against. Habeas is not about the proof of war crimes but about determining the status of those detained- whether they are POWs, Al Qaeda, or innocents (Yoo, 2012). Given that Congress waited almost five years to enact any type of legislation to determine this element is what has given America a bad reputation among the global community. If Congress had acted in a more expedient manner, those detained who ended up being innocent or POWs should have been moved to another location and Guantanamo Bay would have truly been for unlawful enemy combatants. Furthermore, because Guantanamo Bay, even though under Cuban Sovereignty, is in all respects a U.S. military installation under the complete control of America, and therefore the Commander in Chief, any type of review should be conducted by military members and not civilian courts. The detainees, if allotted any amount of liberties under the Geneva Convention, should be maintained solely by the Armed Forces. There is nothing that states that the Supreme Court has the power to overhaul the President’s Commander in Chief powers, thus the Supreme Court is wrong in its assertion that the detainees should be afforded habeas rights. The courts interjection of this fact seems to be simply to ensure them of their own federal powers than the rights of the detainees. They assert to retain their jurisdiction simply because Congress sought to relinquish those powers in the MCA and DTA. In closing, the writ of Habeas Corpus should not be afforded to detainees that have been established as unlawful enemy combatants. Aliens detained during combat with American forces in a foreign theatre, without uniforms or conventional weapons, who seek to harm or kill those other than armed forces are not to be determined as POWs or innocents and should be maintained at a location, Guantanamo Bay, which is outside of U.S. sovereignty. While these combatants could be allowed a review as outlined in the MCA, their alien combatant status does not constitute the right to Habeas Corpus. With the Supreme Court’s hole-ridden ruling in Boumediene, it should be expected that there are many questions which still need answers which are likely to come about in future habeas cases. Regardless of that fact, given that the War on Terror is not likely to come to a close any time soon, alien unlawful combatants should remain under the detention of the Commander in Chief, at whose discretion it is as to how to handle them, not the Supreme Court, whose main theatre is civil and criminal matters, not matters of war. References Acharya, U. (2012). International Lawlessness, International Politics and the Problem of Terrorism: A Conundrum of International Law and US Foreign Policy.International Politics and the Problem of Terrorism: A Conundrum of International Law and US Foreign Policy (August 30, 2012). Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 40(1), 2011-2012. Chesney, R. M. (2008). Suspension clause-military commissions act-detainee treatment act-jurisdiction to review military detention of noncitizens held at guantà ¡namo bay, cuba. The American Journal of International Law, 102(4), 848-854. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/201159775?accountid=32521 Foley, B. J. (2007). GUANTANAMO AND BEYOND: DANGERS OF RIGGING THE RULES. Journal of Criminal Law Criminology,97(4), 1009-1069. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/218408359?accountid=32521 Garrett, B. (2012). Habeas Corpus and Due Process. Cornell Law Review,98(1). Habeas Corpus Act of 1863. (2009). Habeas Corpus Act of 1863, 1. Halliday, P.D. (2012). Impertinent Questions. Humanities, 33(1), 54. HART jr,J.S. (2011). Habeas Corpus: From England to Empire- By Paul D. Halliday. Parlimentary History (Wiley-Blackwell), 30(3), 436-438. Doi:10.1111/j.1750-0206.2011.00279_1.x Healy, G. (2012). The Imperial Presidency and the War on Terror Jackson, A.L. (2010). HABEAS CORPUS IN THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR: AN AMERICAN DRAMA. Air Force Law Review, 65 263-288. Judicial watch obtains bush defense department documents detailing terrorist threat posed by guantanamo detainees. (2011, Mar 02). U.S.Newswire. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/854434733?accountid=32521x Langford, B. R. (2003). SUSPENSION OF HABEAS CORPUS. Journal of the Institute of Justice and International Studies, 233. Piret, J. M. (2008). Boumediene v. Bush and the Extraterritorial Reach of the US Constitution: A Step Towards Judicial Cosmopolitanism?. Utrecht Law Review, 4(3), 81-103. Yoo, J. C. (2012). Applicability of 18 USC 4001 (a) to Military Detention of United States Citizens. Retrieved from.http://doc.wrlc.org/bitstream/handle/2041/84865/00334_020627_002.pdf?sequence=3 .

Functions of the CIA Essay -- Government Central Intelligence Agency

CIA Research Paper The Central Intelligence Agency is the President’s independent foreign intelligence arm, responsible to him through the Director of National Intelligence and the National Security Council, and accountable to the people of the United States by interaction with the intelligence oversight committees of Congress. The CIA has many duties within those boundaries and performs a variety of functions through many forms of intelligence. They employ people from all backgrounds of academic study, from linguists to economists, along with people from varied ethnic backgrounds to work as specialists. It is a large agency with many responsibilities, but most importantly they perform critical work for the President regarding international intelligence. The Central Intelligence Agency’s main responsibility is stated in its Vision statement: â€Å"We will provide knowledge and take action to ensure the national security of the United States and the preservation of American life and ideals† (www.cia.gov). The CIA’s job is to provide pertinent, timely, and un-biased foreign intelligence. They also act as an unseen force by conducting undercover action as ordered by the President in order to preempt threats or achieve objectives of the United States. The CIA is the only intelligence organization that is not subject to cabinet prerogative, making it reliable in it is unbiased in its reports, because it has no political agenda. There are six main types of intelligence by which the CIA collects information. Human intelligence (HUMINT) is information gathered by field operatives through overt and covert techniques (www.cia.gov). Communications intelligence (COMINT) is acquired from intercepted foreign communicati ons (www.cia.go... ...ence that is attained by the CIA is vital to the decisions made by top U.S. officials. Bibliography Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. www.cia.gov 02/26/06 Central Intelligence Agency. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency 2/26/06 CIA (United States Central Intelligence Agency). United States Central Intelligence Agency Forum. http://www.espionageinfo.com/Ch-Co/CIA-United-States-Central-Intelligence-Agency.html 3/18/06 Drug Enforcement Agency. United States Department of Justice. www.dea.gov 3/18/06 National Security Council. The White House. www.whitehouse.gov 3/18/06 United States Intelligence Community. www.intelligence.gov 3/18/06 U.S. Espionage and Intelligence. Jeffrey Richelson. George Washington University. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/publications/ie/index.html 2/26/06

A Case of Itp Case Study

1. How and where are platelets produced in the body? Platelets are known as thrombocytes and are produced in red bone marrow. They are stimulated when a blood vessel becomes injured and breaks. Platelets are responsible for clotting a vessel to stop the body from losing all of its blood. 2. Describe the role played by platelets in hemostasis. Hemostatis involves constriction of blood vessels, activity of platelets, and activity of blood clotting factors. Platelets work together with other blood proteins to form fibrin.The fibrin forms a net that traps blood cells in order to create a clot. The clotting balanced by the clotting that is stopped when the vessel is healed 3. Define thrombocytopenia and list the more common causes of this condition. Thrombocytopenia is a shortage of thrombocytes which can be caused by many different diseases, such as: leukemia, HIV, myelofibrosis, Gaucher’s disease, or immense blood transfusions. 4. What are the potential consequences of a low plat elet count?Difficulty to cease bleeding is a major consequence. Symptoms such as skin bleeding, petechiae, huge bruises from slight injuries, bleeding gums, blood in stool or urine, and intense menstrual periods are all consequences of having a low platelet count. 5. What drugs have been associated with the development of thrombocytopenia? Heparin, quinidine, quinine, sulfa-containing antibiotics, and some oral drugs for diabetes, rifampin and gold salts are all drugs that are associated with thrombocytopenia. . How is thrombocytopenia treated in individuals diagnosed with the condition? If it is caused by a drug, then discontinued use is recommended. Corticosteroids or intravenous immune globulin can be used to temporarily block the effects that destroy platelets. The spleen can also be surgically removed or the patient can receive plasma transfusions. 7. How might removal of the spleen (splenectomy) result in an increase in the number of circulating platelets?The spleen’s f unction is to remove antibodies. If the spleen is removed, there will not be a production of protective antibodies aimed at the autoantibody and platelets will increase. 8. What is Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)? ITP is a bleeding disorder brought about by thrombocytopenia, but it is not connected with a general disease. Most of the time, it is chronic in adults and acute in children. It results from antibody development aimed at an autoantibody.

Leadership Analysis

Running head: SCHOLARSHIP, PRACTICE, AND LEADERSHIP Scholarship, Practice, and Leadership Essay Cory A. Muhammad University of Phoenix Education and Information Literacy In a US society where information literacy is considered a luxury and not a human right enables intellectual illiteracy limits to be pushed to the max. It’s a nightmare how some can be deceived and taken advantage of or even locked out of opportunities by those who demonstrate the use of information literacy. The desire for current and upcoming generations desiring access to information through text is becoming scarce. Researchers found that current and possible future generations would rather watch videos or tutorials instead of reading information found in text materials. â€Å"Experts suggested that they preferred to view information rather than read it, and so tended to choose information that was graphically represented rather than just text-based† (Venkatraman, 2009, p. 6). Today within the environment of education we are experiencing an increasing need for individuals to take interests in their own learning and exposure to information literacy for a variety of reasons: a) It gives learners the ability to become exposed to higher education and technology b) Enables learners to communicate (using technology) in an educational setting, and c) Prepares students to relate to the various generations of learners. In this essay I will discuss how information literacy relates to the scholar/practitioner/leadership model. Higher Education and Technology Anyone pursuing higher education will have to get use to the ideal of incorporating scholar practice of information literacy. As learners grow stronger in the use of information literacy, we can expose ourselves to higher educational opportunities such as Universities, trade colleges, skill centers, or career enhancement programs. Once an individual can be exposed to the various information located in most libraries all information retrieved completely enhances all researched subjects and allows for more profound subject content. In higher education information literacy plays a major role in the use of technology. Technology is an essential learning tool used amongst students and professionals today. Information illiteracy can lead to the mis-understanding and fear of technology. Information illiteracy can ultimately cause generational gaps in communication as-well. When one generation has not adequately prepared for the trend of another generation (generation X) vs. (Generation Y), this is a clear indication of information illiteracy. The new generation communicates in an integrated way, leveraging the technology that’s available. However libraries and other information providers â€Å"have fundamental problems in adapting†, â€Å"They're not keeping up with the demand of these researchers, who live in the wider internet space,† (Venkatraman, 2009, p. 6). Education and Communication Using Technology Computer literacy, Internet literacy, e-mail functionality, search engine and database li teracy are a few amongst a huge arena of technology functions in our ever changing world we live in. Information literacy allows learners the opportunity to become literate in the world of technology and the use of wonderful tools to gain better performance in processing day to day tasks. The flipside to this same coin is information illiteracy prevents people from knowing about the reality of technology and its benefit. Information literacy ultimately improves the learner’s quality of life as they are being exposed to superior methods of functioning, as well as make themselves marketable from possessing education. â€Å"Most are not even aware of the potential help that is available to them. Libraries, which provide the best access point to information for most U. S. citizens, are left untapped by those who most need help to improve their quality of life† (â€Å"Association of College & Research Libraries,† 1989). Communication Channels to Transcend Generations Information literacy ensures opportunity for open communication channels between different generations of learners, or leadership teams. Adequate communications through information literacy develops leadership amongst the educational atmosphere. The one who has the ability to relate to the various generations can easily emerge from the groups as a leader. Learning and professional environments benefit a great deal when an open line of communications exists between generations incorporating, wisdom, knowledge, desire, energy, and perspective. Information literacy allows for generations to be aware of each others benefit, but also rely on each other for constant innovation and progress. Information illiteracy will only promote detraction from any information or understanding of various generations and a low desire for people to pursue higher education. â€Å"There is a danger of a new elite developing in our country: the information elite† (Venkatraman, 2009, p. 6). Information literacy on the other hand, promotes the desire of individuals to continue to pursuing knowledge, and learning. In conclusion, the articles researched on information literacy revealed the current condition in our country regarding information illiteracy. Grades K-12, secondary, post secondary, graduate and even doctoral learning suffers from information il literacy. Students not engaging in intense research fail to use credible sources that handicap their ability to broaden their knowledge on specific subject matter. Students’ abilities to incorporate diverse forms of information literacy will enhance their educational experience and make it a more lifelong and fulfilling learning experience. By restructuring the learning process learners can develop skills to become practitioners of information literacy. Information literacy helps set up various frameworks for individuals to resolve moral dilemmas. The continued development of information literacy models could provide students and professionals within organizations the relatable life skills required for the scholar/practitioner/leadership model. References: Association of College & Research Libraries. (1989). Presidential Committee on Information Literacy: Final Report. Retrieved from http://news. ala. org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/publications/whitepapers/presidential. cfm#opp. on June 7, 2009. Lauer, S. , & Yodanis, C. (2004, July). The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP): A Tool for Teaching with an International Perspective. Teaching Sociology, 32(3), 304-313. Retrieved June 7, 2009, from SocINDEX with Full Text database. Venkatraman, A. (2009,

Writing for the Web

Writing for the Web Writing for the Web Writing for the Web By Mark Nichol People read online for the same reasons that they read print documents: to obtain information or knowledge, to complete forms and applications, or to be entertained. The key difference, however, between habits of print readers and online readers is that online readers are more likely than print readers to be researching, not reading. Here are some recommendations for producing successful websites. Consider these study results: Four out of five people scan online content rather than read word by word. On a typical Web page, readers read only about one-fifth of the content. The more words on a Web page, the lower the percentage of words readers are likely to read. Readers tend to read closer to one-half of online content when a Web page’s text is limited to about one hundred words. Most of these figures date back to the late 1990s, when fewer people went online, Web design and architecture was less sophisticated, and much of the content was functional (now, many websites, like this one, are equivalent to periodicals or books), but the findings are still essentially valid. For that reason, clarity and conciseness advisable in any form of communication is even more important in online content. In many circumstances, readers will be drawn to easily accessed information. Rather than presenting paragraph after paragraph of content in blocks of text, as is routine in print publication, give readers multiple reference points: Use headlines that are informative first, and clever second, if at all. Break content up into small blocks of text separated by subheadings. Organize brief items into numbered or bullet lists. Provide information in captions for photographs and graphics. Place the most important information at the top of a page or at the beginning of a piece of content. The primary goal for the owner of a website, whether it’s a commercial site or one whose primary purpose is to provide information or impart knowledge, should be to increase the number of readers and retain those readers. To that end, websites should be designed and organized to help visitors locate what they need or want understand what they locate apply what they locate to satisfy their needs or wants How do you know what readers want from your website? Try these strategies: Analyze reader communication comments, emails, and other contact. Engage with readers by asking them directly by email or through the site itself. Note, in your site analytics, the most popular pages and the top word searches. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should Know7 Tips for Writing a Film ReviewFew vs. Several

B-26 Marauder, World War II Bomber Aircraft

B-26 Marauder, World War II Bomber Aircraft General: Length: 58 ft. 3 in.Wingspan: 71 ft.Height: 21 ft. 6 in.Wing Area: 658 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 24,000 lbs.Loaded Weight: 37,000 lbs.Crew: 7 Performance: Power Plant: 2 Ãâ€" Pratt Whitney R-2800-43 radial engines, 1,900 hp eachCombat Radius: 1,150 milesMax Speed: 287 mphCeiling: 21,000 ft. Armament: Guns: 12 Ãâ€" .50 in. Browning machine gunsBombs: 4,000 lbs. Design Development In March 1939, the US Army Air Corps began seeking a new medium bomber. Issuing Circular Proposal 39-640, it required the new aircraft to have a payload of 2,000 lbs, while possessing a top speed of 350 mph and a range of 2,000 miles. Among those to respond was the Glenn L. Martin Company which submitted its Model 179 for consideration. Created by a design team led by Peyton Magruder, the Model 179 was a shoulder-winged monoplane possessing a circular fuselage and tricycle landing gear. The aircraft was powered by two Pratt Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp radial engines which were slung under the wings. In an effort to achieve the desired performance, the aircrafts wings were relatively small with a low aspect ratio. This resulted in a high wing loading of 53 lbs./sq. ft. in early variants. Capable of carrying 5,800 lbs. of bombs the Model 179 possessed two bomb bays in its fuselage. For defense, it was armed with twin .50 cal. machine guns mounted in a powered dorsal turret as well as single .30 cal. machine guns in the nose and tail. While initial designs for the Model 179 utilized a twin tail configuration, this was replaced with a single fin and rudder to improve visibility for the tail gunner. Presented to the USAAC on June 5, 1939, the Model 179 scored highest of all of the designs submitted. As a result, Martin was issued a contract for 201 aircraft under the designation B-26 Marauder on August 10. Since the aircraft was effectively ordered off the drawing board, there was no prototype. Following the implementation of President Franklin D. Roosevelts 50,000 aircraft initiative in 1940, the order was increased by 990 aircraft despite the fact that the B-26 had yet to fly. On November 25, the first B-26 flew with Martin test pilot William K. Ken Ebel at the controls. Accident Issues Due to the B-26s small wings and high loading, the aircraft had a relatively high landing speed of between 120 and 135 mph as well as a stall speed of around 120 mph. These characteristics made it challenging aircraft to fly for inexperienced pilots. Though there were only two fatal accidents in the aircrafts first year of use (1941), these increased dramatically as the US Army Air Forces expanded rapidly after the United States entry into World War II. As novice flight crews struggled to learn the aircraft, losses continued with 15 aircraft crashing at McDill Field in one 30-day period. Due to the losses, the B-26 quickly earned the nicknames Widowmaker, Martin Murderer, and B-Dash-Crash, and many flight crews actively worked to avoid being assigned to Marauder-equipped units. With B-26 accidents mounting, the aircraft was investigated by Senator Harry Trumans Senate Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program. Throughout the war, Martin worked to make the aircraft easier to fly, but the landing and stall speeds remained high and the aircraft required a higher standard of training than the B-25 Mitchell. Variants Through the course of the war, Martin continually worked to improve and modify the aircraft. These improvements included efforts to make the B-26 safer, as well as to improve its combat effectiveness. During the course of its production run, 5,288 B-26s were built. The most numerous were the B-26B-10 and B-26C. Essentially the same aircraft, these variants saw the aircrafts armament increased to 12 .50 cal. machine guns, a larger wingspan, improved armor, and modifications to improve handling. The bulk of the added machine guns were forward-facing to allow the aircraft to conduct strafing attacks. Operational History Despite its poor reputation with many pilots, experienced aircrews found the B-26 to be a highly effective aircraft that offered a superb degree of crew survivability. The B-26 first saw combat in 1942 when the 22nd Bombardment Group was deployed to Australia. They were followed by elements 38th Bombardment Group. Four aircraft from the 38th conducted torpedo attacks against the Japanese fleet during the early stages of the Battle of Midway. The B-26 continued to fly in the Pacific through 1943 until it was withdrawn in favor of standardizing to the B-25 in that theater in early 1944. It was over Europe that the B-26 made its mark. First seeing service in support of Operation Torch, B-26 units took heavy losses before switching from low-level to medium-altitude attacks. Flying with the Twelfth Air Force, the B-26 proved an effective weapon during the invasions of Sicily and Italy. To the north, the B-26 first arrived in Britain with the Eighth Air Force in 1943. Shortly thereafter, B-26 units were shifted to the Ninth Air Force. Flying medium-altitude raids with the proper escort, the aircraft was a highly accurate bomber. Attacking with precision, the B-26 struck a multitude of targets prior to and in support of the invasion of Normandy. As bases in France became available, B-26 units crossed the Channel and continued to strike at the Germans. The B-26 flew its last combat mission on May 1, 1945. Having overcome its early issues, the Ninth Air Forces B-26s posted the lowest loss rate in the European Theater of Operations at around 0.5%. Briefly retained after the war, the B-26 was retired from American service by 1947. During the course of the conflict, the B-26 was used by several Allied nations including Great Britain, South Africa, and France. Dubbed the Marauder Mk I in British service, the aircraft saw extensive use in the Mediterranean where it proved an adept torpedo bomber. Other missions included mine-laying, long-range reconnaissance, and anti-shipping strikes. Provided under Lend-Lease, these aircraft were scrapped after the war. In the wake of Operation Torch in 1942, several Free French squadrons were equipped with the aircraft and supported Allied forces in Italy and during the invasion of southern France. The French retired the aircraft in 1947.

Research in Motion Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research in Motion - Case Study Example These devices revolutionized mobile telecommunications in the world due to their touted initial addictive nature. RIM’s success is cited to have ushered in the in the era of the smartphone industry in the world. A key factor to RIM’s success with their BlackBerry brand was the enhanced emailing capabilities that came with the mobile device. This aspect combined with its long battery life and significant security features made the device a must have mobile devise for business executives, government personnel and other professionals. RIM’s success is attributed to several key factors including its long standing commitment to security and reliability of the service. BlackBerry’s operating system, server system and its carrier infrastructure also add to the device’s superiority in the market. The device is also recommended for its smart features that are characterized by its ruggedness, simple graphical user interface and long battery life. Issues Succe ss for RIM has not been without challenges posed by competitors like Nokia and Motorola, which the company has been able to outmaneuver through innovation and competent leadership. The primary issue or challenge facing RIM and its brand, BlackBerry is change. This is an aspect that been embodied by BlackBerry’s competitors most notably Apple’s iPhone and Samsung. The entrance if these two brands into the telecommunications industry led to the emergence of new platforms and devices. This has resulted in a drastic fall and decline for both of RIM’s share price and market share, an aspect that has been seen as an indicator of RIM’s declining relevance in the telecommunications sector. 1. A critical issue that needs addressing at RIM in order to get back on track to its former solid footing is transitioning to a new operating system. This is the only way that BlackBerry will be able to offer any substantial and significant competition to the current market le aders Google and Apple. BlackBerry needs to develop a new operating system to match the capabilities and features that are being provided by its competitors. 2. The second most important issue that needs to be addressed by Blackberry in order to get back into the ‘game’ is to review it top management strategies. In the final stages, RIM’s decline in the telecommunications industry was characterized by drastic erosion of management protocols. This led to massive resignations and loss of morale and direction for the company, which negatively impacted its attempts of delivering innovations to the market to counter their competitors’ advances. Issue 1 According to Watson (4), BlackBerry’s top leadership and management failed to address a potentially disruptive new trend. This is because they did not recognize the threat posed by the new smartphone revolution introduced by Apple and Google products. BlackBerry believed that these new introductions could not have a meaningful impact on their core business customers. This was because they lacked some key features that were considered essential in a smartphone like the QWERTY keyboard, which can be concluded to mean that BlackBerry dismissed these products as mere other consumer products. The emergence of these new products in the market eroded RIM’s market share to significant low levels. BlackBerry’s repeated failures to honor its pledges to deliver new products to the market that would match the new entrants’ capabilities spoiled BlackBerry’s reputation and credibility to their customers and clients (Watson 11). Blackberry’s operating system became redundant with the introduction of Apple’s iSO and Google’s Android operating systems, which provided broader functional and

Nepotism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nepotism - Research Paper Example Nepotism may make someone hire a relative at the expense of someone who has work experience as well as stronger education base. However, sometimes the relative is the most qualified but it will still give the impression of nepotism. The ethics of nepotism in business go hand in hand with business structure. The business structure can indicate that the business is family owned. This shows that that its establishment was under sole proprietorship or partnership meaning that the owner owns and controls it. The owners can also combine with their family members who act as partners. In some case however, the partnership is not family owned. This way, nepotism is more questionable when one partner decides to employ his family members yet other partners have an ownership stake interest in the operation. Many businesses all over the world are family owned businesses. They play an important role in the economic development in their respective countries. Family businesses face one critical problem, which is the issue of nepotism. In developed countries, measures have been taken to curb nepotism whereas in developing countries, it is part of their daily lives (Sidani, Yusuf & Thornberry 69). In today’s business life, nepotism is evidently rampant. Workers in such family businesses compete with the favored personnel; it is hard to for them to be promoted because there are not awarded according to the abilities and knowledge. This environment therefore portrays unfair competition and it will have negative effects on nonfamily personnel. A critical sufficient study that analyzes such an environment is essential in order to understand the topic on family firms, job satisfaction, negative word of mouth, intention of quitting the job and their relationships with nepotism (Sidani, Yusu f & Thornberry 70). Qualification factors that employers should consider include knowledge, ability to success,