A Master Teacher An Inquiry Study Essay - 2248 Words

Creating Assessments That Engage and Motivate Students and Contribute to Deeper Learning: An Inquiry Study To become a master teacher a passionate educator must constantly seek to gain insight into and improve upon her practice. A master teacher is not merely a person who becomes a certified practitioner, passes all of her evaluations, and completes the required amount of professional development in order to reach tenure status. Nor is a master teacher someone who merely puts in the time and teaches for 10,000 hours (Gladwell 2008). In order to achieve mastery, one must accept that mastery in and of itself is an ever-evolving process. That being said, there are habits of masterful practitioners that are important to consider. Robyn Jackson (2009) describes seven principles of masterful teachers . Rather than discuss every principle in her book, I will point out two principles that will help frame my rationale for this inquiry project: Principle number one, â€Å"Master teachers start where their students are† (p. 27) and principle number five, â€Å"Master teachers use feed back to help them and their students get better† (p. 125). Since beginning my career as a middle school teacher I have been seeking other ways to assess student learning. Letter grades have always felt restrictive to me, and they fail to tell the whole story of a student’s knowledge. As a science teacher, the traditional way to assess student learning is by giving a test or quiz. This style ofShow MoreRelatedTeaching Methods Academic Achievement And Influence Attitudes911 Words   |  4 PagesUnpublished master s thesis, Atatà ¼rk ÃÅ"niversity, Erzurum. Alhileh Nofal (2007). The effect of the web quest strategy on improving the critical thinking and achievement of educational sciences faculty (UNRWA) Students’ in the teaching of thinking course. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 37(2), 161-175. Auditor, E., Roleda, L. (2014). The WebQuest: Its impact on students’ critical thinking, performance, and perceptions in physics. International Journal of Research Studies in EducationalRead MoreEducationese Power Point1012 Words   |  5 Pagesthey are not being left out. Informal assessment ï‚› An informal assessment is assessing a student in a casual atmosphere using checklists, observation, performance and the student may not even know about it(2014). ï‚› An informal assessment helps a teacher understand what level their student is on by going over their work, like their writing skills. Mentoring ï‚› Mentoring is a relationship between someone who is experience and someone who isn’t experienced, with the more experienced person helpingRead MoreEffective Teaching Of The Social Studies1440 Words   |  6 PagesWhat constitutes effective teaching of the social studies in the elementary school? As a pre-service teacher, I have learned that to become an effective teacher of the social sciences it is imperative that teaching professionals need to be familiar with the Minnesota K-12 academic standards in social studies, have knowledge about the subject matter being taught, utilize a variety of teaching strategies in the classroom, have theoretical knowledge about learning and human behaviors, foster learningRead More1.Action Plan For The Unit (25 Points).Gifted Students1471 Words   |  6 Pagesexperience both success and growth, to develop higher level study, creativity, and productivity. To develop their interests and talents their individual characteristics, needs, learning rates, motivations for learning, cognitive abilities, and interests must be taken into account. Differentia tion can be included in the curriculum by incorporating acceleration, complexity, depth, challenge, and creativity. Students can also be given fewer tasks to master a standard, use multiple resources and higher-levelRead MoreStudents With Autism Spectrum Disorder : The Diject Design Study889 Words   |  4 Pages(2012) carried out a single subject design study on 3 elementary-aged students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) to investigate ways to teach science content to students with learning disabilities versus just teaching vocabulary. Since inquiry-based instruction is growing, especially in science classrooms, the authors are demonstrating steps to build the basic content knowledge of students with learning disabilities to better prepare them for inquiry-based classrooms and combine the understandingRead MoreMidterm Exam Sped 5076.. 1.Action Plan For The Unit (251398 Words   |  6 Pagesexperience both success and growth, to develop higher level study, creativity, and prod uctivity. To develop their interests and talents their individual characteristics, needs, learning rates, motivations for learning, cognitive abilities, and interests must be taken into account. Differentiation can be included in the curriculum by incorporating acceleration, complexity, depth, challenge, and creativity. Students can also be given fewer tasks to master a standard, use multiple resources and higher-levelRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Refuge By Jackie French1526 Words   |  7 PagesNew South Wales Board of Studies (2012): Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories and cultures as well as Asia and Australia’s engagement with Asia. The text celebrates multiculturalism and nationhood and shows how composers can artistically create imagined texts through careful control of the English language. Students can study how composers are able to adapt and manipulate basic narrative structure to produce an effective and meaningful text Through a close study of the novel, students willRead MoreExploring Inquiry Based Spatial Sense Activities1236 Words   |  5 PagesExploring Inquiry-based Spatial Sense Activities with Students with Moderate to Severe Developmental Disabilities to Improve Number Sense Development In 1983, President Reagan’s administration released the publication, A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform. Since then, the American educational system has been undergoing an all-encompassing paradigm shift. Subsequently, our political leaders have championed two initiatives, No Child Left Behind and Common Core State Standards.Read MoreDefinition Of Philosophy Of Education Essay1620 Words   |  7 Pageseducation, the teacher preparation process is becoming increasingly demanding and challenging† (Cooper and He, p. 89). In addition, these teacher candidates and teachers themselves need to provide expertise beyond their training, â€Å"to provide support in areas beyond content expertise and pedagogical knowledge† (Cooper and He, p. 89). With this information, I plan on focusing on my students needs and hopefully bring effective learning strategies to my classroom. What are the roles of a teacher? A teacherRead MoreCurriculum Assignment842 Words   |  4 Pagesdeclining enrollment of pre-service teachers and graduate students in education-related programs across the United States (Sawchuk, 2015) has resulted in the closure of Schools of Education and adjustments in the course offerings. Cross listing courses are one of the accommodations made by the schools. That is, students with different backgrounds, expectations, interests, and specializations enroll in a course that closely meets their course requirements. Teacher educators in charge of such courses

High Level Overview On The Standards Committee Essay

Fast fact sheets intend to deliver a high-level overview of a given content area and provide important information or answers to the most frequently asked questions. Please utilize these sheets to maintain consistency in language, responses to questions, and guidance to the district constituencies. Q: Who is on the Standards Committee? A: The Vice President-Standards, President, New Member Chairman, one member-at-large, one elected representative from each academic class and the Standards Adviser serve on the Standards Committee. †¢ The New Member Chairman serves on the Standards Committee all year, even when there is no new member class. †¢ In the absence of the Standards Adviser, a Field Representative, Standards Specialist or other adviser may fill in. Keep in mind that limiting the number of people involved is important to maintain confidentiality. †¢ Members must be initiated before they can serve on the committee. †¢ Members of the committee also serve as liaisons to the House Committee, Finance Committee, Event Committee, Risk Management Committee, Education Committee, Academic Excellence Committee and Catalogue Committee to facilitate smooth and consistent communication. This opportunity provides members of the Standards Committee with leadership experience as well as lessons in individual and group accountability. †¢ In the event that there are not enough members available to serve on the Standards Committee, members of the Academic Excellence Committee may step in.Show MoreRelatedQuality Improvement Action Plan Implementation Essay1233 Words   |  5 Pagesour inpatient pediatric population. Process Timeline for Planning An organization must create the operational plan timeline prior to the execution. All changes related to vascular access devices (VAD) must gain support and approval of the VAD committee; hence, the need to present the project plans with the supporting research to gain buy-in. Consequently, the planning timeline should include meeting with the stakeholders. MCH chose to use a Gantt timeline. A Gantt chart is a bar chart thatRead MoreEssay on Different Perceptions of Audit Quality799 Words   |  4 Pagesby an investor and by the members of the audit committee. The investor looks through the auditor reporting, the reputation of an auditor and last the expectation of an audit. On the other hand, the member of the audit committee seems to check the quality of an audit, the process of an audit and last the interactions and communication of an auditor (International Federation of Accountants, 2014). Each of the measure is quantitative. To measure the level of relevance the operational inputs and auditRead MoreRoles and responsibilities of auditors, CEO, directors1697 Words   |  7 Pagesposition and performance (Gay Simnett, 2013). In order to do so, Caltex Australia appointed an internal audit committee who, among other duties, are responsible for reviewing the integrity of the financial reports and recommending policies and internal controls to ensure accurate and eff icient reporting practices are carried out while minimizing the risk of fraud. This audit committee will hire the services of an external auditor and review their independence as well as monitoring their progressRead MoreProjects: Insurance Contracts and Revenue Recognition1606 Words   |  7 Pagesto the work programme of the accounting standard-setting body The insurance industry is a significant and increasingly international industry and insurance contracts expose entities to uncertain and long term obligations. In recent years, insurance contracts of accounting fail to provide users the information that they need to understand the insurer’s performance, financial position and risk exposure. Furthermore, International Financial Reporting Standards does not define and address specific insuranceRead MoreVermont Teddy Bear Company : Organization Overview1533 Words   |  7 PagesAndres Galban Vermont Teddy Bear Company Organization Overview - Background Vermont Teddy Bear was founded by John Sortino, who began selling plush bears from a mall kiosk in Burlington and a few years later turned the company into a multi-million dollar business. Throughout the years, VTB has had some major successes, such as the implementation of its ‘Bear-Gram’ service, which allows customers to call a toll-free number and order a personalized bear. In addition, VTB has expanded beyondRead MoreHistory Of Reading Instruction : A Book About A Dog Named Pug1144 Words   |  5 Pagesseveral high profile reports from The National Reading Panel, The Committee on Reading Disabilities, and The Center for the Improvement of Early Reading Achievement. These reports led to the federal legislation known as No Child Left Behind, many states writing their own content standards, and schools working to meet the demands of high stakes testing. Then, in June 2010, the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) were released. By June 2013, 45 states had ado pted the Common Core standards in EnglishRead MoreThe Role Of Internal Audit Departments On The Business Community On How Their Work Adds Value1201 Words   |  5 Pagesthis context, we are publishing this brief overview of the specific benefits and added value provided by an IT audit. To be specific, IT audits may cover a wide range of IT processing and communication infrastructure such as client-server systems and networks, operating systems, security systems, software applications, web services, databases, telecom infrastructure, change management procedures and disaster recovery planning. The sequence of a standard audit starts with identifying risks, thenRead MoreStrategy And Organizational Structure Of Microsoft1021 Words   |  5 Pagesorganisational structure 3.2 BOARD OF DIRECTORS: As Microsoft is public traded company. So the board of directors include person who is outside the company. These members are selected in annual shareholders meeting through voting. They holds the five committee within the organisation to look into specific issues. Current Board of Directors: William H. Gates III Founder and Technology Advisor, Microsoft Corporation Maria M. Klawe President, Harvey Mudd College Teri L. List Stoll Executive Vice PresidentRead MoreThe Health Impacts Of Long Term Exposure Essay1157 Words   |  5 Pageslong-term exposure to PM2.5 in Delhi. Several possible self-protective solutions for people in Delhi will be discussed. Researches are done by critically comparing, summarizing and analyzing the data from academic articles. Delhi pollution control committee is proposed to be our client. The ambient PM2.5 in Delhi is 15 times higher than the WHO guidelines, which is identified as the most significant pollutants threatening the public health. These fine and condensed particles affect the respiratoryRead MoreAudit Report Apollo Shoes Essay example1061 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the Audit Committee meeting minutes, we understand that Apollo Shoes requires help with the yearly audit because the former CPA firm withdrew unexpectedly (University of Phoenix, n.d.). Anderson, Olds, and Watershed will conduct the audit and â€Å"prepare the state franchise tax returns as well as the federal tax returns† (University of Phoenix, n.d., p. 9). Because of Apollo’s previous work with Smith and Smith, Anderson, Olds, and Watershed is â€Å"required by auditing standards to communicate with†

ADHD Diagnosis Essay Example For Students

ADHD Diagnosis Essay Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is much more prevalent in todays societycompared to previous generations. More and more people are being diagnosed at an alarmingrate. To our surprise, I learned this disorder does not only affect children. There are many adultswho suffer from it also. ADHD characteristics are neuro-biologically based, and they oftenchange as the individual gets older. One does not out-grow ADHD even though the behaviors, orsymptoms may not be exhibited in the same manner or with the same intensity. After learningthis fact, I thought it would be very interesting to see how this disorder affects both children andcollege students. Therefore, I choose one journal article which relates ADHD to children, and theother which deals with the effects of ADHD on college students. The first journal article I researched, An Intervention Approach for Children withTeacher and Parent Identified Attentional Difficulties, explained that inattention, impulsivity,distractibility, and restlessness are all signs of a child with an attention-deficit hyperactivitydisorder. There are three subtypes of ADHD which have been defined by the Diagnostic andStatistical Manual of Mental Disorders as: predominantly inattentive, predominately hyperactiveimpulsive, and combined (Semrud-Clekeman, Nielsen, Clinton, Sylvester, Parle, and Connor,1999). Usually children who exhibit these subtypes have difficulty completing assignments,displaying high qualities of work, and maintaining good behaviors. Children with thehyperactivity-impulsivity subtype do not display significant attentional problems, though they areidentified as young as pre-schoolers. However, symptoms of inattention dont typically emergeuntil the later ages, which must be why the predominately inattentive and combined sub types ofADHD have been found in older school-age children. These children who have been identified as having ADHD, show an inability touse effective problem solving over a period of time. When researchers looked at their brainstructures, they found that the frontal-striatal regions are involved with the childs ability toinhibit, focus, and shift attention. Researchers have formed interventions involving the behavioral or cognitivemanagement of children with ADHD. Attention-training strategies, classroom-basedcontingency systems, home-school contingencies, and peer-mediated contingencies are examplesof these interventions. In an effort to measure students with ADHD, in addition to medicationand intervention strategies, researchers conducted two types of tests. The first test, the visual attention task, required the child to scan fourteen rows ofds, each d had one to three marks around it. The child was instructed to select the ds with twomarks around them. The children were also told to move down to the next row every twentyseconds. The score is calculated by subtracting the errors from the total amount correct. It wassuggested that this task assesses the capacity for sustained attention as well as accurate visualscanning and inhibition of rapid responses(Semrud-Clekeman, Nielsen, Clinton, Sylvester,Parle, and Connor, 1999, p. 585). The second test, the auditory attention task, required the child to listen to randomletters and numbers. Afterwards, they were asked to remember how many letters or numbers theyheard. The child must keep in mind the letters and numbers they heard for each stimulus at thesame time. The test starts out with four stimuli and finishes with twelve. This task has beenhypothesized to be a measure of auditory divided attention as well as sustainedattention(Semrud-Clekeman, Nielsen, Clinton, Sylvester, Parle, and Connor, 1999, p. 585). The results of this study confirmed that children with ADHD who had helpthrough the intervention programs showed an increase in their performance on visual andauditory attention tasks, while the other children without the help of intervention programs didnot show any improvement. These children most likely represent a continuum of attention andactivity / impulsivity problems and may describe the population of children with significantattention problems who are infrequently referred for an assessment beyond thepediatrician(Semrud-Clekeman, Nielsen, Clinton, Sylvester, Parle, and Connor, 1999, p. 587). Itseems very probable that children with attention and work completion difficulties withoutsignificant behavioral and learning problems often go unaided in classrooms today. War Simulation Softwar EssayIt seems as if this new test could be a much better way of diagnosing someonewith ADHD compared to the methods used in the two journal articles. I feel the researchpresented in the journal articles does support the report in our popular media article byillustrating that there is continuous research taking place that just seems to be getting better astime goes by. All three articles also helped confirm my awareness of the fact that ADHD ispresently such a widespread problem. The articles also helped me to realize how manyindividuals are misdiagnosed. All types of disorders, from anxiety to manic-depression toconduct disorders, are now mistaken for ADHD, and everyone suffers for that diagnosticsloppiness (Schrof Fischer, 2000). It comes as a relief to know that with modern technology,comes more accurate ways a determining whether an individual is suffering from ADHD. If thisnew test is confirmed to be reliable, it could help correct both the overuse of Rit alin and theundertreatment of kids whose ADHD is missed by the naked eye (Schrof Fischer, 2000). All inall, Ive learned a great deal about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and I am glad to now know that there is hope for our future generation to be prepared with more improved methods to accurately diagnose people with ADHD.

Letter of Approval free essay sample

Dean, College of Business Education MRS. HELEN M. BORROMEO Property Custodian FROM:LEOMIR K. PAZ President, UCS MR. MELVIN ROY D. GARBIDA Instructor, BS in Computer Science SUBJECT:REQUEST FOR USE OF SGO CAFETERIA STUDENT ORGANIZATION LOUNGE DATE:OCTOBER 8, 2012 - I. Greetings of Peace! II. The 3rd Year Bachelor of Science in Computer Science students are scheduled to have their Software Exhibit on October 18, 2012, from 9:00 AM to 3:00 PM. III. In this regard, may we ask permission to use the SGO CAFETERIA STUDENT ORGANIZATION LOUNGE as the venue of the said event. IV. Anticipating for your approval. V. Thank you very much. UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY (Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial) City of Iriga October 11, 2012 MISS MARIA ANALOU O. ESTIPONA Environmental Science Teacher, HS Department University of Saint Anthony Greetings of joy and peace be upon you. You may have received a letter from us, Group 4 of the 3rd year BS in Computer Science Software engineering class of USANT, informing you that you are the chosen one to become our primary resource person for our Software and informing you of an exhibit of our Software entitled, â€Å"A Learning Guide in Environmental Science – Ecology: Balance in Nature†. We will write a custom essay sample on Letter of Approval or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We are writing you at this time because our group is working together and almost finished with our Software project. We are pleased to tell you that we will be having our Software Exhibit at SGO Cafeteria Students Organization Lounge on October 19, 2012, 3:00 PM to 5:00 PM. We are looking forward for your presence as one of the evaluators of our Software Project. Very truly yours, Leomir K. Paz, Leader Lea C. Marmol, Member Jeson S. Badong, Member Daryl V. Oronan, Member Noted by:Approved by: MELVIN ROY D. GARBIDAMARIA ANALOU O. ESTIPONA Instructor, Software EngineeringInstructor, Environmental Science USANT HS Dept. UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY (Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial) City of Iriga October 11, 2012 Mrs. Shiela A. Albia Araling Panlipunan Teacher, HS Department University of Saint Anthony Greetings of joy and peace be upon you. You may have received a letter from us, Group 5 of the 3rd year BS in Computer Science Software engineering class of USANT, informing you that you are the chosen one to become our primary resource person for our Software and informing you of an exhibit of our Software entitled, â€Å"The Regions of the Philippines and Presidents†. We are writing you at this time because our group is working together and almost finished with our Software project. We are pleased to tell you that we will be having our Software Exhibit at SGO Cafeteria Students Organization Lounge on October 19, 2012, 3:00 PM to 5:00 PM. We are looking forward for your presence as one of the evaluators of our Software Project. Very truly yours, Nhiemay B. Soreta, Leader Ralph Erickson R. Asanza, Member Aldrin C. Calvelo, Member Aaron Kirk C. Navida, Member Noted by:Approved by: MELVIN ROY D. GARBIDAMRS. SHIELA A. ALBIA Instructor, Software EngineeringInstructor, Araling Panlipunan USANT HS Department UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY (Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial) City of Iriga October 11, 2012 Mr. Jayson S. Sayson Araling Panlipunan Teacher, HS Department University of Saint Anthony Greetings of joy and peace be upon you. You may have received a letter from us, Group 4 of the 3rd year BS in Computer Science Software engineering class of USANT, informing you that you are the chosen one to become our primary resource person for our Software and informing you of an exhibit of our Software entitled, â€Å"The Regions of the Philippines and Presidents†. We are writing you at this time because our group is working together and almost finished with our Software project. We are pleased to tell you that we will be having our Software Exhibit at SGO Cafeteria Students Organization Lounge on October 19, 2012, 3:00 PM to 5:00 PM. We are looking forward for your presence as one of the evaluators of our Software Project. Very truly yours, Nhiemay B. Soreta, Leader Ralph Erickson R. Asanza, Member Aldrin C. Calvelo, Member Aaron Kirk C. Navida, Member Noted by:Approved by: MELVIN ROY D. GARBIDAMr. Jayson S. Sayson Instructor, Software EngineeringInstructor, Araling Panlipunan USANT HS Department UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY (Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial) City of Iriga October 11, 2012 Mrs. Judy C. Salcedo Biology Teacher, HS Department University of Saint Anthony Greetings of joy and peace be upon you. You may have received a letter from us, Group 1 of the 3rd year BS in Computer Science Software engineering class of USANT, informing you that you are the chosen one to become our primary resource person for our Software and informing you of an exhibit of our Software entitled, â€Å"The Biological Classification of Organisms†. We are writing you at this time because our group is working together and almost finished with our Software project. We are pleased to tell you that we will be having our Software Exhibit at SGO Cafeteria Students Organization Lounge on October 19, 2012, 3:00 PM to 5:00 PM. We are looking forward for your presence as one of the evaluators of our Software Project. Very truly yours, Paul Albert P. Canada, Leader Mabelle I. Alanis, Member Maricris E. Armillos, Member Zciegfred Paul N. Caayao, Member Noted by:Approved by: MELVIN ROY D. GARBIDAMrs. Judy C. Salcedo Instructor, Software EngineeringInstructor, Biology USANT HS Department UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY (Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial) City of Iriga October 11, 2012 Mr. Hether Rod C. Saluna Chemistry Teacher, HS Department Nabua National High School Greetings of joy and peace be upon you. You may have received a letter from us, Group 3 of the 3rd year BS in Computer Science Software engineering class of USANT, informing you that you are the chosen one to become our primary resource person for our Software and informing you of an exhibit of our Software entitled, â€Å"Chemistry in Modern Life†. We are writing you at this time because our group is working together and almost finished with our Software project. We are pleased to tell you that we will be having our Software Exhibit at SGO Cafeteria Students Organization Lounge on October 19, 2012, 3:00 PM to 5:00 PM. We are looking forward for your presence as one of the evaluators of our Software Project. Very truly yours, Abhygail L. Pacantara, Leader France Charlene T. Barra, Member Cecile Jude L. Intia, Member Argel Mar Kenneth G. Madamba, Member Noted by:Approved by: MELVIN ROY D. GARBIDAMr. Hether Rod C. Saluna Instructor, Software EngineeringInstructor, Chemistry NNHS HS Department UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY (Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial) City of Iriga October 11, 2012 Ms. Vivian I. Biag General Science Teacher, HS Department University of Saint Anthony Greetings of joy and peace be upon you. You may have received a letter from us, Group 2 of the 3rd year BS in Computer Science Software engineering class of USANT, informing you that you are the chosen one to become our primary resource person for our Software and informing you of an exhibit of our Software entitled, â€Å"The Heavenly Bodies and Space Exploration†. We are writing you at this time because our group is working together and almost finished with our Software project. We are pleased to tell you that we will be having our Software Exhibit at SGO Cafeteria Students Organization Lounge on October 19, 2012, 3:00 PM to 5:00 PM. We are looking forward for your presence as one of the evaluators of our Software Project. Very truly yours, Jessica Jane M. Toledo, Leader Dominic SJ. Arines, Member Jensen T. Navales, Member Beverly J. Turiano, Member Noted by:Approved by: MELVIN ROY D. GARBIDAMs. Vivian I. Biag Instructor, Software EngineeringInstructor, General Science USANT HS Department

Tourism and the balance of payments

Tourism and the balance of payments Introduction Tourism is the movement of people from their normal places of work and residence to places they are not familiar with as well as the activities they carry out during the time they stay in such activities.In addition the activities they carry out are for fun to them.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Tourism and the balance of payments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other definitions of tourism have also been given (Mathieson and Wall 4). Bhatia (5) says that tourism is travelling for enjoyment, business functions and recreational purposes. The people who engage in this are known as tourist. Tourists can either be local or international tourists. Local tourists travel in their own countries and enjoy the beautiful scenes. International tourists, on the other hand, come from other places for tourism purposes. In the modern day tourism has become a major activity in the world as compared in the pre vious years. There has been tremendous percentages increase in international travels by the tourists over the years. For instance, in the year 2011 there were more than 980 million tourists in the world. This represented a 4.6% increase as compared to the previous years. Tourism is an important aspect to different countries. It affects all aspects of life, that is, education, culture, economics and social aspects. One of the major contributions of the tourism is to ensure inflow of income to the country in which the tourists visits (Mathieson and Wall 20). Tourism is also a major source of employment to the citizens of the country either directly or indirectly. For example in the transport sectors, hotel industry and entertainment places (Holloway 3)Advertising Looking for research paper on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Balance of payments is records on all monetary engagements between a specific count ry and all outside countries. The engagement occurs in form of exchange of goods and services that are at issue. The balance of payments is recorded in form of account which records the exports as inflows and the imports as outflows. Goods received are positive gains while imports results to funds outflow. A balance of payment would be experiences if what is imported is more than what the country sells outside its territories. Conversely, if the country is exporting more than what is importing, the country is experiencing a surplus in terms of the balance of payments (Mathieson and Wall 26) Relationship between Tourism and the balance of payments Bhatia (10) says that imbalances are always possible in the different accounts of the balance of payments for example in the current and capital account. Continued existence of the deficit balance of payments will result to the country becoming highly indebted while imbalances as result of surplus will result to the country accumulating mor e wealth and hence growth in the economy. The central bank of any country is a major participant in the balanced of payment of any country. There is a great interrelationship between the tourism sector and the balance of payments. Most countries have started to develop measures to deal with the balance of payments through the use of the tourism sector. A good example is the countries in the Far East as their economy depend on the tourism activities. Bhatia (11) explains most of these countries could be experiencing weak balance of payment, if they were not relying on international tourism.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Tourism and the balance of payments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other word, tourism is major contributor in a country having a strong balance of payments. These counties could have been forced to reduce the amount of import to other countries. The main source of information on the i ncome gained from the tourism sector is indicated in the balance of payment account. The travel part of the balance of payment account indicates the receipts in amount obtained from the tourism industry. This account also shows the position of the total inflows and outflows in terms of the income from the tourism industry. The balance of payments obtained from the tourism sector is known as the invisible balance of payments. This is because tourism is an invisible service (Nowak and Sgro 17). This mean that the exports of goods and services are put against exports and imports from foreign tourism to come up with the balance of payments. At the same time the income spent by the foreign tourists visiting the country is also compared with the expenditures the local tourist spends on the foreign countries. This will result to net balance of payments. In more simple terms, there is a difference between a country visible and invisible balance of payments. The visible one comes from the ex port and imports of visible goods. The one for invisible balance of payment is the one which results from the services industry with tourism, banking and investments sectors. Tourism balance of payment is term which has developed in the modern days. It refers to a country inflows and outflows. These inflows are the expenditures by foreign tourists in the country while the outflows are the tourism expenditures by the people of such country abroad (Nowak and Sgro18)Advertising Looking for research paper on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Mathieson and Wall (14), income from the tourism can assist the economy of the country to balance national balance of payment. Historically, tourism is known to have affected the balance of payments in two major ways. The effect can be within the country or internationally. This will help determine the foreign income which is then compared with the costs incurred to earn such revenues. Broadly, the effects of tourism can be divided into three: the primary, secondary effects and tertiary effects. Primary effects are direct and can be measured easily while the secondary effects indirect and not easy to measure. The primary effect deals with the actual use of foreign tourists in the country and consumption of the country citizens abroad. The effect happens when the international borders are crossed. Secondary effects are either direct, indirect or induced effects. Direct effects include imports, agents’ commissions and dividend payments. Indirect effects include exp enditure by the tourists while the induced secondary effects include expatriate labor remitted back to the country. Tertiary effects are the effects that are not directly initiated by the income from the tourism. These include the products that are exported back to the country as well as the investment opportunities that come up with tourism (Bhatia 16). Mathieson and Wall (20) explains that the expenditure by tourists and those of the citizen abroad are taken as travel balance and this is considered together with the tourism balance to determine the largest net effect on the balance of payment. A country balance of payment whether tourism or not plays an important role. It ensures the currency of the specific country maintain value as compared to other foreign currencies. If there is continued tourism imbalance of payments, this results to an existence of an imbalance in the supply of international currencies as compared to demands. Consequently, there will be a disparity between t he two currencies making the weakening of the host county currency. The same case will also apply if the demand of foreign currency is high and the supply is low, the local currency will be strengthened. The two scenarios can be of advantage or disadvantage to the country. A weakening currency of nay country will result to imports becoming more expensive while the exports become cheaper. Domestic price rise, that is, inflationary effects. A strong currency will make the domestic prices goes down to the advantage of the local people. The inflationary effects of the currency can be reduced by increasing the interest rates. However, these fluctuations will result to negative effects to the economy of the country and more specifically to the tourism sectors. These fluctuations will reduce the number of tourists visiting the country as well as those going abroad. Depreciation of the currency of a country increases the cost of foreign tourism. It also lowers the foreign currency price of the tourists coming to any specific country. One method that can be used to deal with the problem of balance of payments is through development of the tourism sector as an invisible export (Nowak and Sgro 12). However, it is dependent on the low requirement of the imports used in the tourism sector as well as the prospected economic development. According to Bhatia (10), there are different major components of tourism balance of payments. These include international tourism receipts in form of credits which include payments to national carriers, international fare credits, international tourism expenditure and international fare expenditures. The effect of tourism in the economy is divided into four categories: on income, employment, balance of payments as well as investment income. Another major impact of the tourism industry on the economy is the creation of job opportunity and the generation of foreign income. Income generated is a key factor in the national balance of payments. The multiplier effect on the economy is the factor that is used to determine the amount of benefit obtained from the tourism sector. This multiplier effects have an economic dimension as explained by Bhatia. Bhatia (7) states that the money paid by the tourists is used to cater for different costs they incur for instance goods and services they use and the salaries and wages of the staff. The recipient of the money will in the process use the money to cater for their financial needs. Through a continued flow of the funds, they stimulate different sectors of the economy (Rowe and Borein 31). In the process of transfers, leakages occur. Leakages can occur in three different methods: through remitting of the income to foreign parties, direct or indirect taxation by the government as well as savings by the workers outside the tourism industry. This in turn stimulates the balance of payments. The income from the tourism sector can be divided into smaller factors. This income has both dir ect and indirect economic benefits to the country. These incomes are used to pay for the wages of the staffs of the tourism related industry hence creating wealth. The money is in circulation but leakages occur. When such leakages occur the income is taxed by the government. This taxes acts as incomes to the country. As a result, tourism sector plays an important role in ensuring the economy of the country experience a surplus balance of payment which is healthy for the country (Mathieson and Wall 26). Bhatia, Sujata. International Tourism Management, New Delhi, India: Sterling Publishers Ltd, 2001. Print. Bhatia, Sujata. Tourism development. New Delhi, India: Sterling Publishers Ltd, 2002. Print. Holloway, John. The Business of Tourism, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 1998.  Print. Mathieson Well and G. Wall. Tourism, Economic, Physical and Social Impacts, Essex:  Wesley Longman Limited, 1992. Print. Nowak, Sahli and P. Sgro. Tourism, Trade and Domestic Welfare: Pacific Econ omic Review. New Jersey: Wiley Blackwell, 2003. Print. Rowe, Anne and F. Borein. Travel and tourism. London: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Print.

Dealing With Divorce Through Humor

Dealing With Divorce Through Humor Divorce is not funny business. Its hard to laugh when two people are fighting over money, property, and kids. However, divorce is  gaining social acceptance in many parts of the world.  Humor helps to alleviate the pain of separation, and sarcasm brings out your witty side. So, if you feel like being nasty, it is better to release your nastiness through sarcastic quotes  than by snapping at your friends and family. If you are going through a difficult divorce, you may want to lighten up. Make room for humor in your heart, however bitter you feel right now.  Find ways to vent your disappointment. Rant  out loud with friends. If you are seething with anger, let off some steam with these funny divorce quotes. A sense of humor may be your best friend during this difficult time. Divorce Quotes Lewis GrizzardInstead of getting married again, Im just going to find a woman I dont like and give her a house. Oscar WildeDivorces are made in heaven. Dave BarryToday, it is easier to get divorced in most states than to get a transmission repaired properly. Garry TrudeauIn Palm Springs, they think homelessness is caused by bad divorce lawyers. John Kenneth GalbraithThe happiest time of anyones life is just after the first divorce. Zsa Zsa GaborHe taught me housekeeping; when I divorce I keep the house. Woody AllenThe only time my wife and I had a simultaneous orgasm was when the judge signed the divorce papers. I should have known something was wrong with my first wife. When I brought her home to meet my parents, they approved of her. Mary Kay BlakelyDivorce is the psychological equivalent of a triple coronary bypass. After such a monumental assault on the heart, it takes years to amend all the habits and attitudes that led up to it.   J. B. HandelsmanJust another of our many disagreements. He wants a no-fault divorce, whereas I would prefer to have the bastard crucified. Jimmy FallonA 99-year-old man is filing for divorce from his 96-year-old wife, making them the worlds oldest divorced couple. Its got to be weird when a divorce lawyer is fighting for your kids to get custody of you.A new study found that women gain more weight after marriage, but men gain more weight after a divorce. Yeah, the divorce usually takes place after men point out that women gained more weight after marriage. Groucho MarxMarriage is the chief cause of divorce. Jean KerrBeing divorced is like being hit by a Mack truck.  If you live through it, you start looking very carefully to the right and to the left. Johnny CarsonThe difference between a divorce and a legal separation is that a legal separation gives a husband time to hide his money. Wendy LiebmanMy mother always said dont marry for money, divorce for money. Robin WilliamsAh, yes, divorce... from the Latin word meaning to rip out a mans genitals through his wallet. Helen RowlandLove, the quest; marriage, the conquest; divorce, the inquest. Dave BarryYou should be prepared for anything during divorce proceedings- even the truth. James CaanTo get over my divorce, I got a prescription to live at the Playboy Mansion for a while. Ruth GordonIn our family, we dont divorce our men- we bury them.   Mike TysonYou cant stay married in a situation where you are afraid to go to sleep in case your wife might cut your throat. Bette DavisI’d marry again if I found a man who had $15 million and would sign over half of it to me before the marriage and guarantee he’d be dead in a year. Lenny ClarkeI can’t get divorced because I’m a Catholic. Catholics don’t get divorced. They stay together through anger and hatred and festering misery, just like God intended. Mickey RooneyA lot of people have asked me how short I am. Since my last divorce, I think Im about $100,000 short. Evan EsarSome women get divorces on the grounds of incompatibility; others, on just the first two syllables. Many a woman would get a divorce if she could do it without making her husband happy. Tommy ManvilleShe cried- and the judge wiped her tears with my checkbook. Louis C.K.Divorce is always good news. I know that sounds weird, but its true because no good marriage has ever ended in divorce. That would be sad. If two people were married and they just had a great thing and then they got divorced, that would be really sad. But that has happened zero times. Chelsea PerettiMy parents divorced when I was one year old so I don’t really remember any of the details, but luckily, my mom does so she’s been really helpful. John CleeseI got off lightly. Think what I’d have had to pay Alyce if she had contributed anything to the relationship- such as children or a conversation. Russell BrandWhen youre a monk, youre not allowed to have sex with anyone. When youre married, its one person. Thats one more than a monk. Its not that different.

Art History essay question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art History essay question - Assignment Example Pre-historic art was commonly done in the cave, therefore it is not considered to be a movement by human beings but a period of artistic evolution and development. It comprises the whole painting and forms of drawings which were evident in caves. In addition, human sculptures are part of these ancient or prehistoric arts. In the current world most information, ideas or feelings are expressed in artistic form and these expressions did not start with the modern world; it was prehistorically expressed by the ancient people. On the other hand this was considered to be their main way of expression and preserving of certain information. The prehistoric people also decorated themselves with particular coloring matter to enhance beauty. The ancient near east is commonly remembered for the earliest civilization which developed in Mesopotamia. This was a region between two rivers the Euphrates and Tigris, currently called Iraq. The major civilization landmarks evident in this place were the mushrooming of urban centers resulting into the title â€Å"Cradle of Civilization†. Mesopotamia is commonly known also for the greater inventions of agricultural related machines and technologies. More so, the main reason why the region was named as near Middle East was due to its strategic position in the middle or near to the countries to the immediate west. The historical art of the ancient eastern has been largely related to the western art although the worse was more inclined to the biblical land thus rendering the eastern historical art meaningful to their art history. The historical art of the ancient Greece is greatly remembered for several reasons and a number of historic contributions they added to the world of history. The most significant historical archaic and artistic work of the western world was adamantly created and finalized in the 16th century as free paintings of

Individual project Drugs Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual project Drugs Abuse - Essay Example The psychological reasons for drug addiction might include the notion that some people want to find the state of unconsciousness in order not to think about current problems, some drug addicts started using drugs for medical purposes and reached the condition of not being able to control their desires (this type of addiction is neither sociological not psychological), some people, both youth and adults, use the drugs because they are able to change the way the person feels (it is especially common when the person does not want to have that feeling), some of the artists are heavy drug addicts because they believe that drugs are able to cause the creative process. In my opinion, the sociological and psychological causes of drug addiction are interrelated and cannot be perceived separately. For example, the young man from the poor district, whose friends are all drug addicts and spent their time robbing and stealing from others in order to get some money to buy more drugs is very likely to become drug addicts as well. Both sociological and psychological causes are present here: sociological are poverty, absence of employment, peer pressure, the unawareness about how to live differently; the psychological are undesired to be different, â€Å"everybody around does it why should I be different†, â€Å"I want to be one of them† and similar thoughts. Thus, both explanations supplement each other. For example, some of the drug addictions are caused by the social forums when some of the rituals include chemical use to evoke the â€Å"happy moments† and some of the religions incorporate the usage of the mind-altering chemicals. The drugs can heighten the desires and give the false sense of power and fearlessness. Thus, people who are really shy in the normal life can become very aggressive when addicted to drugs. Drugs show the bad side of the human soul and create the perfect condition for criminal

Guantanamo Bay and Habeas Corpus Essay Example for Free

Guantanamo Bay and Habeas Corpus Essay Since September 11, 2001, Americans have faced a new enemy that is not distinguishable by conventional terms of the law of war. As a result of this fact, the detention of these enemy forces has brought about a large debate among, mostly, the Executive branch and the Supreme Court. At the center of the debate is the rights of the enemy detainees. The Supreme Court argues that because their detention is at a location that is under the complete control of the United States, their rights are blanketed under the Suspension Clause of the Constitution and as such, they should be granted the right to seek Habeas Corpus. The Executives maintain that unlawful enemy combatants have no rights under the Constitution of the United States and that the President retains full control over their detention. This paper will look at the English and American background of Habeas Corpus and how it plays into the landscape of war today. I will also briefly look at past suspensions of the writ, as well as the perspectives of the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches and how the writ applies to alien enemy combatants. I will also offer my own perspective on the same. Quite simply put, an unlawful enemy combatant caught fighting against the United States oversees and brought to a location that the U.S. does not have sovereignty over, should not be afforded the same rights as the citizens and alien residents of our great nation that they fight against. The ‘Great Writ’ of Habeas Corpus has its’ roots in English Common Law dating back as early as the 13th century. The literal meaning in Latin is â€Å"to have the body† which quite basically obliged that the jailor bring the accused before a court (the King’s Bench) to determine if his detainment and confinement was lawful. In fact, the writ was meant to regulate jailors, resolve issues with jurisdiction and monitor the powers of the magistrates (Halliday, J.D., 2010). It was not a tool used to release the prisoner, but a tool of governance. When the writ traversed the Atlantic Ocean and came to America, it was, and still is, considered the most important safeguard ofpersonal liberty. Habeas Corpus is protected in the Constitution of the United States in Article 1, Section 9 wherein it states â€Å"The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it† (Levin-Waldman, 2012). From its inception in the United States, Habeas has remained virtually unchanged. The Writ has only been suspended by the President and authorized by Congress four times in America’s history with the first instance when President Lincoln suspended it during the Civil War in order to detain opposing forces who were attempting to prevent troops trying to protect the Capital. Since then, it was used by Grant in the Ku Klux Klan Act, the rebellion in 1902 and in 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor (Jackson, 2010). Even during these times the suspension was lifted once the war or threat thereof was over (Langford, 2003) and those detained as a result were either released or tried and convicted. It wasn’t until the horrific attacks of September 11, 2001 where terrorist agents used commercial airplanes as weapons of mass destruction to kill thousands of innocent civilians within the borders of the United States that the issue of the suspension of Habeas Corpus came to the forefront once again. After the attacks, Congress wrote the Authorization to Use Military Force (AUMF), which granted the President to use â€Å"all necessary and appropriate force†¦against all nations, persons, operatives, etc. involved in the plotting and execution of the September 11th attacks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Piret, 2008). It is well known that the President’s first priority is that of Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces in times of War. After the horrific attacks in 2001, President Bush declared a †Å"War on Terror†. This type of war has no precedence in history in which to go by; it consists of unconventional fighters using unconventional methods of attacks unlike any seen under the law of war. ]As a result of these circumstances, it was crucial for the President to initiate his wartime authority to detain belligerents fighting against the United States and her allies and detain them in a location in order to protect the nation’s security against future attacks. The President unilaterally labelled these detainees as â€Å"unlawful enemy combatants†- persons who did not wear uniforms of a nation or state, carry conventional weapons, or direct their assaults strictly on armed forces- which is the definition given to prisoners of war (POW’s) (Acharya, 2012). Due to the vast allocation of the military’s assets and service members fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan, the President needed a location to detain these combatants away from the battlefield, Guantanamo Bay or GITMO. GITMO is a military location in Cuba that the United States has had an open-ended lease for since 1903. According to the Bush administration, this location was ideal because the area was under Cuban sovereignty but under the complete control of the United States. This meant that the long arms of the law would not reach to GITMO and the President essentially had free reign as to the treatment and length of detention of these unlawful enemy combatants. With this status, the administration argued that they could hold a detainee for an undisclosed amount of time without trial because the War on Terror was essentially ongoing. Also, this status allotted that the detainees could not be tried in civilian courts or be granted the rights and protections afforded to POW’s under the Geneva Convention (Piret, 2008). Because of these unique circumstances, the Courts became inundated with petitions for Habeas Corpus rights. The Executive branch argued that the courts could hear applications only â€Å"within their respective jurisdictions† and that Guantanamo did not fall within U.S. sovereignty, basically asserting that the judges had no authorization to hear cases from non-citizens that were held in a place where Cuba retained sovereignty. Because the nation was at war, the President retained full war time powers and could essentially be the judge, jury and jailer of the accused held at Guantanamo Bay (Healy, 2012). As a result, a few groundbreaking cases came in front of the Supreme Court. One of these cases was Rasul vs. Bush wherein the Supreme Court rejected the administration’s claim that the President had the power to jail those accused of terrorist activities without access to lawyers and without access to any possibility of judicial review (www.oyez.org ). The decision held that the detention of the defendants did in fact hinder on the Fifth Amendment rights. After the impact of Rasul and another case decided by the Supreme Court on the same day, Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, the executives were forced to create military tribunals called Combatant Status Review Tribunals (CSRTs), that afforded minimal protection to prisoners(Foley, 2007). However, these tribunals did not allow for the prisoner to obtain legal counsel, did not  have juries, and could rely on hearsay and coerced confessions by innocents. Unfortunately, these tribunals were heavily weighted towards the government and even though the process did result in the release of a number of detainees, the majority of CSRT’s have affirmed the detainees to be unlawful enemy combatants (Chesney, 2008 and Foley, 2007). The executive branch, despite these facts, argued that the CSRTs most closely resembled that of courts-martial that were afforded to members of the military, while still falling far short of Habeas rights. Amidst this rather heated debate amongst the Supreme Court and the Executive branch, Congress remained on the outskirts for the most part. Congress has never attempted to restrict or interfere with the President’s authority to detain belligerents; their main points were that the purpose of military detention was exclusively preventative and evidence of liability is not necessary for the United States to detain a suspected terrorist. However, because of the Court’s rulings, Congress did enact the Military Commissions Act of 2006. More or less, the MCA afforded the detainees the right to challenge the basis of their detention, the right to hear charges, and the right to testify, introduce evidence, and witnesses. Nevertheless, MCAs still allowed for coerced evidence to be produced. Additionally, the MCA empowered the Executives further and further delineated the courts from the review process afforded under Habeas Corpus. Coinciding with the MCA, Congress also intervened with the Detainee Treatment Act (DTA) that essentially provided a replacement mechanism for Habeas for judicial review where the Court of Appeals could determine if the CSRTs complied with regulations in place by the Defense Department and if those regulations were consistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States (Chesney, 2008). Despite the efforts of both the Executives and Congress to deplete the role of the Courts, the Supreme Court handed down a landmark 5-4 ruling in Boumediene v. Bush. Bouemediene brought up the issue of constitutional privilege of Habeas which it held could not be withdrawn without conforming to the Suspension Clause in the Constitution. In its ruling, the majority found that the MCA deprived the Federal Courts to hear habeas claims,  therefore unconstitutionally stripping their rights to the same (Piret, 2008). The Court held that even though the U.S. did not have sovereign control over GITMO, the complete control over the base made habeas rights a necessity. The majority also struck the DTA claiming that it fell short and did not provide a level of protection required to override suspension of habeas. Because of Boumediene, Congress cannot enact jurisdiction –stripping legislation to deny executive detainees’ access to judicial review that it twice tried to do with MCA and DTA. Nevertheless, that the â€Å"Court and the writ of Habeas Corpus is indispensable for monitoring separation of powers, and the test for determining the scope cannot be subjected to manipulation by those whose power it is designed to restrain† (US Newswire, 2011). On the other side of the court, the dissenters thought that the majority’s decision ignored the Constitution’s structure and defied Congress in establishing procedures for appeals. They went further to say that the historical survey is inconclusive about alien prisoners outside of formal U.S. territory, and Justice Scalia says that the fact that even in the English cases, no alien was granted or rejected the right to the writ which was further proof that Habeas was not in favor (US Newswire, 2011). The dissenters furthered their point by stating that the Boumediene ruling is â€Å"the most generous set of protections ever afforded to aliens detained as enemy combatants in any war, ever† and that the decision was not about the detainees but about the Court’s control of Federal policy (Acharya, 2012, Healy, 2012 and Piret, 2008). In light of all of the controversy surrounding Guantanamo Bay and whether the detainees have a constitutional right to it, one needs to look carefully again at the Suspension Clause â€Å"The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it†. It is the last part of this clause that needs the most emphasis when looking at it from the â€Å"War on Terror† perspective â€Å"†¦the public Safety may require it.† Because terrorists are bred from many nations, do not have a uniform to be easily recognized by, and can walk within the boundaries of the United States virtually  undetected, the law of war holds a different ground. Terrorists are by far and large profoundly hard to distinguish as there is no set guideline. Regardless of the fact that a belligerent fighter is a U.S. citizen or an alien combatant, they should all be reviewed in the same manner, as that of unlawful enemy combatants. Under that status, they should not be afforded the rights allotted to the citizens and resident aliens of the United States. Having said that, it should be the President’s sole responsibility as Commander in Chief to detain these belligerents for as long as it takes to ensure the safety of Nation. On another level, the Supreme Court in its Boumediene ruling left out a few key factors to determine a proper procedure in the detention of the unlawful enemy combatants in areas other than Guantanamo Bay. It also did not clearly define whether its ruling affected trials currently scheduled to occur in CSRTs. The Court did not establish whether granting habeas rights to detainees at Guantanamo would further put Americans’ lives at risk by bringing them into the very states that they fight against. Habeas is not about the proof of war crimes but about determining the status of those detained- whether they are POWs, Al Qaeda, or innocents (Yoo, 2012). Given that Congress waited almost five years to enact any type of legislation to determine this element is what has given America a bad reputation among the global community. If Congress had acted in a more expedient manner, those detained who ended up being innocent or POWs should have been moved to another location and Guantanamo Bay would have truly been for unlawful enemy combatants. Furthermore, because Guantanamo Bay, even though under Cuban Sovereignty, is in all respects a U.S. military installation under the complete control of America, and therefore the Commander in Chief, any type of review should be conducted by military members and not civilian courts. The detainees, if allotted any amount of liberties under the Geneva Convention, should be maintained solely by the Armed Forces. There is nothing that states that the Supreme Court has the power to overhaul the President’s Commander in Chief powers, thus the Supreme Court is wrong in its assertion that the detainees should be afforded habeas rights. The courts interjection of this fact seems to be simply to ensure them of their own federal powers than the rights of the detainees. They assert to retain their jurisdiction simply because Congress sought to relinquish those powers in the MCA and DTA. In closing, the writ of Habeas Corpus should not be afforded to detainees that have been established as unlawful enemy combatants. Aliens detained during combat with American forces in a foreign theatre, without uniforms or conventional weapons, who seek to harm or kill those other than armed forces are not to be determined as POWs or innocents and should be maintained at a location, Guantanamo Bay, which is outside of U.S. sovereignty. While these combatants could be allowed a review as outlined in the MCA, their alien combatant status does not constitute the right to Habeas Corpus. With the Supreme Court’s hole-ridden ruling in Boumediene, it should be expected that there are many questions which still need answers which are likely to come about in future habeas cases. Regardless of that fact, given that the War on Terror is not likely to come to a close any time soon, alien unlawful combatants should remain under the detention of the Commander in Chief, at whose discretion it is as to how to handle them, not the Supreme Court, whose main theatre is civil and criminal matters, not matters of war. References Acharya, U. (2012). International Lawlessness, International Politics and the Problem of Terrorism: A Conundrum of International Law and US Foreign Policy.International Politics and the Problem of Terrorism: A Conundrum of International Law and US Foreign Policy (August 30, 2012). Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 40(1), 2011-2012. Chesney, R. M. (2008). Suspension clause-military commissions act-detainee treatment act-jurisdiction to review military detention of noncitizens held at guantà ¡namo bay, cuba. The American Journal of International Law, 102(4), 848-854. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/201159775?accountid=32521 Foley, B. J. (2007). GUANTANAMO AND BEYOND: DANGERS OF RIGGING THE RULES. Journal of Criminal Law Criminology,97(4), 1009-1069. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/218408359?accountid=32521 Garrett, B. (2012). Habeas Corpus and Due Process. Cornell Law Review,98(1). Habeas Corpus Act of 1863. (2009). Habeas Corpus Act of 1863, 1. Halliday, P.D. (2012). Impertinent Questions. Humanities, 33(1), 54. HART jr,J.S. (2011). Habeas Corpus: From England to Empire- By Paul D. Halliday. Parlimentary History (Wiley-Blackwell), 30(3), 436-438. Doi:10.1111/j.1750-0206.2011.00279_1.x Healy, G. (2012). The Imperial Presidency and the War on Terror Jackson, A.L. (2010). HABEAS CORPUS IN THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR: AN AMERICAN DRAMA. Air Force Law Review, 65 263-288. Judicial watch obtains bush defense department documents detailing terrorist threat posed by guantanamo detainees. (2011, Mar 02). U.S.Newswire. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/854434733?accountid=32521x Langford, B. R. (2003). SUSPENSION OF HABEAS CORPUS. Journal of the Institute of Justice and International Studies, 233. Piret, J. M. (2008). Boumediene v. Bush and the Extraterritorial Reach of the US Constitution: A Step Towards Judicial Cosmopolitanism?. Utrecht Law Review, 4(3), 81-103. Yoo, J. C. (2012). Applicability of 18 USC 4001 (a) to Military Detention of United States Citizens. Retrieved from.http://doc.wrlc.org/bitstream/handle/2041/84865/00334_020627_002.pdf?sequence=3 .

Functions of the CIA Essay -- Government Central Intelligence Agency

CIA Research Paper The Central Intelligence Agency is the President’s independent foreign intelligence arm, responsible to him through the Director of National Intelligence and the National Security Council, and accountable to the people of the United States by interaction with the intelligence oversight committees of Congress. The CIA has many duties within those boundaries and performs a variety of functions through many forms of intelligence. They employ people from all backgrounds of academic study, from linguists to economists, along with people from varied ethnic backgrounds to work as specialists. It is a large agency with many responsibilities, but most importantly they perform critical work for the President regarding international intelligence. The Central Intelligence Agency’s main responsibility is stated in its Vision statement: â€Å"We will provide knowledge and take action to ensure the national security of the United States and the preservation of American life and ideals† (www.cia.gov). The CIA’s job is to provide pertinent, timely, and un-biased foreign intelligence. They also act as an unseen force by conducting undercover action as ordered by the President in order to preempt threats or achieve objectives of the United States. The CIA is the only intelligence organization that is not subject to cabinet prerogative, making it reliable in it is unbiased in its reports, because it has no political agenda. There are six main types of intelligence by which the CIA collects information. Human intelligence (HUMINT) is information gathered by field operatives through overt and covert techniques (www.cia.gov). Communications intelligence (COMINT) is acquired from intercepted foreign communicati ons (www.cia.go... ...ence that is attained by the CIA is vital to the decisions made by top U.S. officials. Bibliography Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. www.cia.gov 02/26/06 Central Intelligence Agency. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency 2/26/06 CIA (United States Central Intelligence Agency). United States Central Intelligence Agency Forum. http://www.espionageinfo.com/Ch-Co/CIA-United-States-Central-Intelligence-Agency.html 3/18/06 Drug Enforcement Agency. United States Department of Justice. www.dea.gov 3/18/06 National Security Council. The White House. www.whitehouse.gov 3/18/06 United States Intelligence Community. www.intelligence.gov 3/18/06 U.S. Espionage and Intelligence. Jeffrey Richelson. George Washington University. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/publications/ie/index.html 2/26/06

A Case of Itp Case Study

1. How and where are platelets produced in the body? Platelets are known as thrombocytes and are produced in red bone marrow. They are stimulated when a blood vessel becomes injured and breaks. Platelets are responsible for clotting a vessel to stop the body from losing all of its blood. 2. Describe the role played by platelets in hemostasis. Hemostatis involves constriction of blood vessels, activity of platelets, and activity of blood clotting factors. Platelets work together with other blood proteins to form fibrin.The fibrin forms a net that traps blood cells in order to create a clot. The clotting balanced by the clotting that is stopped when the vessel is healed 3. Define thrombocytopenia and list the more common causes of this condition. Thrombocytopenia is a shortage of thrombocytes which can be caused by many different diseases, such as: leukemia, HIV, myelofibrosis, Gaucher’s disease, or immense blood transfusions. 4. What are the potential consequences of a low plat elet count?Difficulty to cease bleeding is a major consequence. Symptoms such as skin bleeding, petechiae, huge bruises from slight injuries, bleeding gums, blood in stool or urine, and intense menstrual periods are all consequences of having a low platelet count. 5. What drugs have been associated with the development of thrombocytopenia? Heparin, quinidine, quinine, sulfa-containing antibiotics, and some oral drugs for diabetes, rifampin and gold salts are all drugs that are associated with thrombocytopenia. . How is thrombocytopenia treated in individuals diagnosed with the condition? If it is caused by a drug, then discontinued use is recommended. Corticosteroids or intravenous immune globulin can be used to temporarily block the effects that destroy platelets. The spleen can also be surgically removed or the patient can receive plasma transfusions. 7. How might removal of the spleen (splenectomy) result in an increase in the number of circulating platelets?The spleen’s f unction is to remove antibodies. If the spleen is removed, there will not be a production of protective antibodies aimed at the autoantibody and platelets will increase. 8. What is Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)? ITP is a bleeding disorder brought about by thrombocytopenia, but it is not connected with a general disease. Most of the time, it is chronic in adults and acute in children. It results from antibody development aimed at an autoantibody.

Leadership Analysis

Running head: SCHOLARSHIP, PRACTICE, AND LEADERSHIP Scholarship, Practice, and Leadership Essay Cory A. Muhammad University of Phoenix Education and Information Literacy In a US society where information literacy is considered a luxury and not a human right enables intellectual illiteracy limits to be pushed to the max. It’s a nightmare how some can be deceived and taken advantage of or even locked out of opportunities by those who demonstrate the use of information literacy. The desire for current and upcoming generations desiring access to information through text is becoming scarce. Researchers found that current and possible future generations would rather watch videos or tutorials instead of reading information found in text materials. â€Å"Experts suggested that they preferred to view information rather than read it, and so tended to choose information that was graphically represented rather than just text-based† (Venkatraman, 2009, p. 6). Today within the environment of education we are experiencing an increasing need for individuals to take interests in their own learning and exposure to information literacy for a variety of reasons: a) It gives learners the ability to become exposed to higher education and technology b) Enables learners to communicate (using technology) in an educational setting, and c) Prepares students to relate to the various generations of learners. In this essay I will discuss how information literacy relates to the scholar/practitioner/leadership model. Higher Education and Technology Anyone pursuing higher education will have to get use to the ideal of incorporating scholar practice of information literacy. As learners grow stronger in the use of information literacy, we can expose ourselves to higher educational opportunities such as Universities, trade colleges, skill centers, or career enhancement programs. Once an individual can be exposed to the various information located in most libraries all information retrieved completely enhances all researched subjects and allows for more profound subject content. In higher education information literacy plays a major role in the use of technology. Technology is an essential learning tool used amongst students and professionals today. Information illiteracy can lead to the mis-understanding and fear of technology. Information illiteracy can ultimately cause generational gaps in communication as-well. When one generation has not adequately prepared for the trend of another generation (generation X) vs. (Generation Y), this is a clear indication of information illiteracy. The new generation communicates in an integrated way, leveraging the technology that’s available. However libraries and other information providers â€Å"have fundamental problems in adapting†, â€Å"They're not keeping up with the demand of these researchers, who live in the wider internet space,† (Venkatraman, 2009, p. 6). Education and Communication Using Technology Computer literacy, Internet literacy, e-mail functionality, search engine and database li teracy are a few amongst a huge arena of technology functions in our ever changing world we live in. Information literacy allows learners the opportunity to become literate in the world of technology and the use of wonderful tools to gain better performance in processing day to day tasks. The flipside to this same coin is information illiteracy prevents people from knowing about the reality of technology and its benefit. Information literacy ultimately improves the learner’s quality of life as they are being exposed to superior methods of functioning, as well as make themselves marketable from possessing education. â€Å"Most are not even aware of the potential help that is available to them. Libraries, which provide the best access point to information for most U. S. citizens, are left untapped by those who most need help to improve their quality of life† (â€Å"Association of College & Research Libraries,† 1989). Communication Channels to Transcend Generations Information literacy ensures opportunity for open communication channels between different generations of learners, or leadership teams. Adequate communications through information literacy develops leadership amongst the educational atmosphere. The one who has the ability to relate to the various generations can easily emerge from the groups as a leader. Learning and professional environments benefit a great deal when an open line of communications exists between generations incorporating, wisdom, knowledge, desire, energy, and perspective. Information literacy allows for generations to be aware of each others benefit, but also rely on each other for constant innovation and progress. Information illiteracy will only promote detraction from any information or understanding of various generations and a low desire for people to pursue higher education. â€Å"There is a danger of a new elite developing in our country: the information elite† (Venkatraman, 2009, p. 6). Information literacy on the other hand, promotes the desire of individuals to continue to pursuing knowledge, and learning. In conclusion, the articles researched on information literacy revealed the current condition in our country regarding information illiteracy. Grades K-12, secondary, post secondary, graduate and even doctoral learning suffers from information il literacy. Students not engaging in intense research fail to use credible sources that handicap their ability to broaden their knowledge on specific subject matter. Students’ abilities to incorporate diverse forms of information literacy will enhance their educational experience and make it a more lifelong and fulfilling learning experience. By restructuring the learning process learners can develop skills to become practitioners of information literacy. Information literacy helps set up various frameworks for individuals to resolve moral dilemmas. The continued development of information literacy models could provide students and professionals within organizations the relatable life skills required for the scholar/practitioner/leadership model. References: Association of College & Research Libraries. (1989). Presidential Committee on Information Literacy: Final Report. Retrieved from http://news. ala. org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/publications/whitepapers/presidential. cfm#opp. on June 7, 2009. Lauer, S. , & Yodanis, C. (2004, July). The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP): A Tool for Teaching with an International Perspective. Teaching Sociology, 32(3), 304-313. Retrieved June 7, 2009, from SocINDEX with Full Text database. Venkatraman, A. (2009,

Writing for the Web

Writing for the Web Writing for the Web Writing for the Web By Mark Nichol People read online for the same reasons that they read print documents: to obtain information or knowledge, to complete forms and applications, or to be entertained. The key difference, however, between habits of print readers and online readers is that online readers are more likely than print readers to be researching, not reading. Here are some recommendations for producing successful websites. Consider these study results: Four out of five people scan online content rather than read word by word. On a typical Web page, readers read only about one-fifth of the content. The more words on a Web page, the lower the percentage of words readers are likely to read. Readers tend to read closer to one-half of online content when a Web page’s text is limited to about one hundred words. Most of these figures date back to the late 1990s, when fewer people went online, Web design and architecture was less sophisticated, and much of the content was functional (now, many websites, like this one, are equivalent to periodicals or books), but the findings are still essentially valid. For that reason, clarity and conciseness advisable in any form of communication is even more important in online content. In many circumstances, readers will be drawn to easily accessed information. Rather than presenting paragraph after paragraph of content in blocks of text, as is routine in print publication, give readers multiple reference points: Use headlines that are informative first, and clever second, if at all. Break content up into small blocks of text separated by subheadings. Organize brief items into numbered or bullet lists. Provide information in captions for photographs and graphics. Place the most important information at the top of a page or at the beginning of a piece of content. The primary goal for the owner of a website, whether it’s a commercial site or one whose primary purpose is to provide information or impart knowledge, should be to increase the number of readers and retain those readers. To that end, websites should be designed and organized to help visitors locate what they need or want understand what they locate apply what they locate to satisfy their needs or wants How do you know what readers want from your website? Try these strategies: Analyze reader communication comments, emails, and other contact. Engage with readers by asking them directly by email or through the site itself. Note, in your site analytics, the most popular pages and the top word searches. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should Know7 Tips for Writing a Film ReviewFew vs. Several

B-26 Marauder, World War II Bomber Aircraft

B-26 Marauder, World War II Bomber Aircraft General: Length: 58 ft. 3 in.Wingspan: 71 ft.Height: 21 ft. 6 in.Wing Area: 658 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 24,000 lbs.Loaded Weight: 37,000 lbs.Crew: 7 Performance: Power Plant: 2 Ãâ€" Pratt Whitney R-2800-43 radial engines, 1,900 hp eachCombat Radius: 1,150 milesMax Speed: 287 mphCeiling: 21,000 ft. Armament: Guns: 12 Ãâ€" .50 in. Browning machine gunsBombs: 4,000 lbs. Design Development In March 1939, the US Army Air Corps began seeking a new medium bomber. Issuing Circular Proposal 39-640, it required the new aircraft to have a payload of 2,000 lbs, while possessing a top speed of 350 mph and a range of 2,000 miles. Among those to respond was the Glenn L. Martin Company which submitted its Model 179 for consideration. Created by a design team led by Peyton Magruder, the Model 179 was a shoulder-winged monoplane possessing a circular fuselage and tricycle landing gear. The aircraft was powered by two Pratt Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp radial engines which were slung under the wings. In an effort to achieve the desired performance, the aircrafts wings were relatively small with a low aspect ratio. This resulted in a high wing loading of 53 lbs./sq. ft. in early variants. Capable of carrying 5,800 lbs. of bombs the Model 179 possessed two bomb bays in its fuselage. For defense, it was armed with twin .50 cal. machine guns mounted in a powered dorsal turret as well as single .30 cal. machine guns in the nose and tail. While initial designs for the Model 179 utilized a twin tail configuration, this was replaced with a single fin and rudder to improve visibility for the tail gunner. Presented to the USAAC on June 5, 1939, the Model 179 scored highest of all of the designs submitted. As a result, Martin was issued a contract for 201 aircraft under the designation B-26 Marauder on August 10. Since the aircraft was effectively ordered off the drawing board, there was no prototype. Following the implementation of President Franklin D. Roosevelts 50,000 aircraft initiative in 1940, the order was increased by 990 aircraft despite the fact that the B-26 had yet to fly. On November 25, the first B-26 flew with Martin test pilot William K. Ken Ebel at the controls. Accident Issues Due to the B-26s small wings and high loading, the aircraft had a relatively high landing speed of between 120 and 135 mph as well as a stall speed of around 120 mph. These characteristics made it challenging aircraft to fly for inexperienced pilots. Though there were only two fatal accidents in the aircrafts first year of use (1941), these increased dramatically as the US Army Air Forces expanded rapidly after the United States entry into World War II. As novice flight crews struggled to learn the aircraft, losses continued with 15 aircraft crashing at McDill Field in one 30-day period. Due to the losses, the B-26 quickly earned the nicknames Widowmaker, Martin Murderer, and B-Dash-Crash, and many flight crews actively worked to avoid being assigned to Marauder-equipped units. With B-26 accidents mounting, the aircraft was investigated by Senator Harry Trumans Senate Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program. Throughout the war, Martin worked to make the aircraft easier to fly, but the landing and stall speeds remained high and the aircraft required a higher standard of training than the B-25 Mitchell. Variants Through the course of the war, Martin continually worked to improve and modify the aircraft. These improvements included efforts to make the B-26 safer, as well as to improve its combat effectiveness. During the course of its production run, 5,288 B-26s were built. The most numerous were the B-26B-10 and B-26C. Essentially the same aircraft, these variants saw the aircrafts armament increased to 12 .50 cal. machine guns, a larger wingspan, improved armor, and modifications to improve handling. The bulk of the added machine guns were forward-facing to allow the aircraft to conduct strafing attacks. Operational History Despite its poor reputation with many pilots, experienced aircrews found the B-26 to be a highly effective aircraft that offered a superb degree of crew survivability. The B-26 first saw combat in 1942 when the 22nd Bombardment Group was deployed to Australia. They were followed by elements 38th Bombardment Group. Four aircraft from the 38th conducted torpedo attacks against the Japanese fleet during the early stages of the Battle of Midway. The B-26 continued to fly in the Pacific through 1943 until it was withdrawn in favor of standardizing to the B-25 in that theater in early 1944. It was over Europe that the B-26 made its mark. First seeing service in support of Operation Torch, B-26 units took heavy losses before switching from low-level to medium-altitude attacks. Flying with the Twelfth Air Force, the B-26 proved an effective weapon during the invasions of Sicily and Italy. To the north, the B-26 first arrived in Britain with the Eighth Air Force in 1943. Shortly thereafter, B-26 units were shifted to the Ninth Air Force. Flying medium-altitude raids with the proper escort, the aircraft was a highly accurate bomber. Attacking with precision, the B-26 struck a multitude of targets prior to and in support of the invasion of Normandy. As bases in France became available, B-26 units crossed the Channel and continued to strike at the Germans. The B-26 flew its last combat mission on May 1, 1945. Having overcome its early issues, the Ninth Air Forces B-26s posted the lowest loss rate in the European Theater of Operations at around 0.5%. Briefly retained after the war, the B-26 was retired from American service by 1947. During the course of the conflict, the B-26 was used by several Allied nations including Great Britain, South Africa, and France. Dubbed the Marauder Mk I in British service, the aircraft saw extensive use in the Mediterranean where it proved an adept torpedo bomber. Other missions included mine-laying, long-range reconnaissance, and anti-shipping strikes. Provided under Lend-Lease, these aircraft were scrapped after the war. In the wake of Operation Torch in 1942, several Free French squadrons were equipped with the aircraft and supported Allied forces in Italy and during the invasion of southern France. The French retired the aircraft in 1947.

Research in Motion Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research in Motion - Case Study Example These devices revolutionized mobile telecommunications in the world due to their touted initial addictive nature. RIM’s success is cited to have ushered in the in the era of the smartphone industry in the world. A key factor to RIM’s success with their BlackBerry brand was the enhanced emailing capabilities that came with the mobile device. This aspect combined with its long battery life and significant security features made the device a must have mobile devise for business executives, government personnel and other professionals. RIM’s success is attributed to several key factors including its long standing commitment to security and reliability of the service. BlackBerry’s operating system, server system and its carrier infrastructure also add to the device’s superiority in the market. The device is also recommended for its smart features that are characterized by its ruggedness, simple graphical user interface and long battery life. Issues Succe ss for RIM has not been without challenges posed by competitors like Nokia and Motorola, which the company has been able to outmaneuver through innovation and competent leadership. The primary issue or challenge facing RIM and its brand, BlackBerry is change. This is an aspect that been embodied by BlackBerry’s competitors most notably Apple’s iPhone and Samsung. The entrance if these two brands into the telecommunications industry led to the emergence of new platforms and devices. This has resulted in a drastic fall and decline for both of RIM’s share price and market share, an aspect that has been seen as an indicator of RIM’s declining relevance in the telecommunications sector. 1. A critical issue that needs addressing at RIM in order to get back on track to its former solid footing is transitioning to a new operating system. This is the only way that BlackBerry will be able to offer any substantial and significant competition to the current market le aders Google and Apple. BlackBerry needs to develop a new operating system to match the capabilities and features that are being provided by its competitors. 2. The second most important issue that needs to be addressed by Blackberry in order to get back into the ‘game’ is to review it top management strategies. In the final stages, RIM’s decline in the telecommunications industry was characterized by drastic erosion of management protocols. This led to massive resignations and loss of morale and direction for the company, which negatively impacted its attempts of delivering innovations to the market to counter their competitors’ advances. Issue 1 According to Watson (4), BlackBerry’s top leadership and management failed to address a potentially disruptive new trend. This is because they did not recognize the threat posed by the new smartphone revolution introduced by Apple and Google products. BlackBerry believed that these new introductions could not have a meaningful impact on their core business customers. This was because they lacked some key features that were considered essential in a smartphone like the QWERTY keyboard, which can be concluded to mean that BlackBerry dismissed these products as mere other consumer products. The emergence of these new products in the market eroded RIM’s market share to significant low levels. BlackBerry’s repeated failures to honor its pledges to deliver new products to the market that would match the new entrants’ capabilities spoiled BlackBerry’s reputation and credibility to their customers and clients (Watson 11). Blackberry’s operating system became redundant with the introduction of Apple’s iSO and Google’s Android operating systems, which provided broader functional and

Nepotism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nepotism - Research Paper Example Nepotism may make someone hire a relative at the expense of someone who has work experience as well as stronger education base. However, sometimes the relative is the most qualified but it will still give the impression of nepotism. The ethics of nepotism in business go hand in hand with business structure. The business structure can indicate that the business is family owned. This shows that that its establishment was under sole proprietorship or partnership meaning that the owner owns and controls it. The owners can also combine with their family members who act as partners. In some case however, the partnership is not family owned. This way, nepotism is more questionable when one partner decides to employ his family members yet other partners have an ownership stake interest in the operation. Many businesses all over the world are family owned businesses. They play an important role in the economic development in their respective countries. Family businesses face one critical problem, which is the issue of nepotism. In developed countries, measures have been taken to curb nepotism whereas in developing countries, it is part of their daily lives (Sidani, Yusuf & Thornberry 69). In today’s business life, nepotism is evidently rampant. Workers in such family businesses compete with the favored personnel; it is hard to for them to be promoted because there are not awarded according to the abilities and knowledge. This environment therefore portrays unfair competition and it will have negative effects on nonfamily personnel. A critical sufficient study that analyzes such an environment is essential in order to understand the topic on family firms, job satisfaction, negative word of mouth, intention of quitting the job and their relationships with nepotism (Sidani, Yusu f & Thornberry 70). Qualification factors that employers should consider include knowledge, ability to success,

Who commits crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Who commits crimes - Essay Example According to Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin, (1987) a small percentage of offenders commits a large proportion of criminal offenses. Stated in another way, there are only a few individuals who are repeat offenders or career criminals. The common perception of most people is that more criminals equal more crimes, but the theorists above have proven otherwise. Based on studies they have conducted, they advocate that only a number of crimes may actually be attributed to a few people. Their findings are important in the sense that they show the pattern of behavior that we can expect from potential career criminals. Their study points out that most of these career criminals come from a poor background, have a history of delinquency, and have a lower grade point average while they are in high school. In possibly understanding and curtailing criminal tendencies in potential career criminals, we look into the problem children in school. In the cohort study conducted by Wolfgang and his associa tes, they uncovered that many of the male offenders were arrested only once or twice, about 19% of the offenders were repeat offenders, and a very small percentage – about 6% were arrested 5 or more times (Wolfgang, 1972, as quoted by Spelman, 1993). Their study implies that we can unearth career criminals by looking into a small percentage of people in the criminal pool. They are the ones we need to worry about because the criminal justice system has become ineffective in rehabilitating them. In a big way, their time in jail may have actually made them hardened criminals. Their findings also indicate how important it is for us to identify and establish factors which may invite and breed criminal behavior. Simply looking into a person’s race, social class, gender, and age is not enough in order to predict criminal behavior. By tracing the pattern of behavior of one criminal, it will tell us a lot about whether or not he is a potential career criminal (Hagan,

A History of Pottery

A History of Pottery The production of pottery is one of the most ancient arts. The oldest known body of pottery dates from the Jomon period (from about 10,500 to 400 BC) in Japan; and even the earliest Jomon ceramics exhibit a unique sophistication of technique and design. Excavations in the Near East have revealed that primitive fired-clay vessels were made there more than 8,000 years ago. Potters were working in Iran by about 5500 BC, and earthenware was probably being produced even earlier on the Iranian high plateau. Chinese potters had developed characteristic techniques by about 5000 BC. In the New World many pre-Columbian American cultures developed highly artistic pottery traditions. TYPES OF WARES Pottery comprises three distinctive types of wares. The first type, earthenware, has been made following virtually the same techniques since ancient times; only in the modern era has mass production brought changes in materials and methods. Earthenware is basically composed of clayoften blended claysand baked hard, the degree of hardness depending on the intensity of the heat. After the invention of glazing, earthenwares were coated with glaze to render them waterproof; sometimes glaze was applied decoratively. It was found that, when fired at great heat, the clay body became nonporous. This second type of pottery, called stoneware, came to be preferred for domestic use. The third type of pottery is a Chinese invention that appeared when feldspathic material in a fusible state was incorporated in a stoneware composition. The ancient Chinese called decayed feldspar kaolin (meaning high place, where it was originally found); this substance is known in the West as china clay. Petuntse, or china stone, a less decayed, more fusible feldspathic material, was also used in Chinese porcelain; it forms a white cement that binds together the particles of less fusible kaolin. Significantly, the Chinese have never felt that high-quality porcelain must be either translucent or white. Two types of porcelain evolved: true porcelain, consisting of a kaolin hard-paste body, extremely glassy and smooth, produced by high temperature firing, and soft porcelain, invariably translucent and lead glazed, produced from a composition of ground glass and other ingredients including white clay and fired at a low temperature. The latter was widely produced by 18th-century Europea n potters. It is believed that porcelain was first made by Chinese potters toward the end of the Han period (206 BC-AD 220), when pottery generally became more refined in body, form, and decoration. The Chinese made early vitreous wares (protoporcelain) before they developed their white vitreous ware (true porcelain) that was later so much admired by Europeans. Regardless of time or place, basic pottery techniques have varied little except in ancient America, where the potters wheel was unknown. Among the requisites of success are correct composition of the clay body by using balanced materials; skill in shaping the wet clay on the wheel or pressing it into molds; and, most important, firing at the correct temperature. The last operation depends vitally on the experience, judgment, and technical skill of the potter. DECORATING TECHNIQUES In the course of their long history potters have used many decorating techniques. Among the earliest, impressing and incising of wares are still favored. Ancient potters in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, northern India, and the high regions of Central Asia (where primitive terra-cotta figures associated with religious cults were produced) frequently decorated wares with impressed or incised designs. A notable incising technique developed more recently was that of Korean potters working in the Koryo period (918-1392). These artisans began by ornamenting their celadon wares with delicately incised and impressed patterns and later developed elaborate inlaying by filling incised lines with colored slip (semiliquid clay). Black and white slip was used most effectively for inlaying colored porcelains. Decoration of this sort generally depends more on the skill of the artisan than on the complexity of the tools being used. An especially popular type of decoration involved the sgraffito, or scratched, technique used by Italian potters before the 15th century. This technique, which is thought to have reached Italy from the Near East, was probably derived from China, where it was first used during the Song (Sung) dynasty (960-1279). By the 16th century Italian potters working mainly in Padua and Bologna had developed great skill in sgraffito, which entailed the incising of designs on red or buff earthenware that had been coated with ordinary transparent lead glaze, usually toned yellow or, sometimes, brown, copper, or green. After firing, the wares were dipped into white clay slip so that a dark pattern could be cut on the surface. By cutting through the white slip, the artist produced a design on the exposed red or buff body. Pigments were also sometimes applied. After a further coating of lead glaze the ware was fired a second time. A sound knowledge of glazesboth utilitarian and decorativeis vital to the potter. The origin of glazes and glazing techniques is unknown, but the fine lustrous glazes developed in China surely began with a simple glaze that served to cover earthenware and render it watertight. Chinese potters used two kinds of glazes, one composed basically of feldspar, and another produced by fusing silica of quartz or sand by means of a flux, generally of lead oxide. Chinese potters regarded glazes and glazing techniques as having prime importance; under the Han emperors they made great efforts to improve this technology. The use of lead glaze increased, and wood ash was incorporated to impart a dullish brown or gray green coloring, somewhat blotchy and occasionally iridescent. These effects were entirely natural, as no coloring matter was added to the composition. Glazing techniques were modified under successive dynasties. Colored glazes were developed and used to brilliant effect by Tang (Tang) and Song potters, and a great diversity of brightly hued wares appeared over the centuries. Many connoisseurs feel that the pure white porcelain, called blanc de chine, which first appeared during the Ming dynasty, is the most serenely beautiful of all Chinese ceramics. Dehua (Te-hua) potters in Fujian (Fukien) province, working during the 17th century, produced their blanc de chine masterpieces in the purest white porcelain coated with a thick white glaze. Salt glaze, used by English potters during the early 1700s, may well have been known to the Chinese but was not used by them. Near Eastern potters glazed wares in ancient times. Potters in Mesopotamia and Iran commonly used an alkaline glaze made of quartz mixed with sodium and potassium. An admixture of colored metallic oxides, mostly lead, was introduced later. Painting on pottery and porcelain became richly colorful in many regions and periods. Decorative brush painting directly on the baked clay reached its zenith in China during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), whose artists were highly skilled at painting in fired colors. For a long period Chinese ceramic artists had used only black or brown pigment to decorate wares that were then covered with clear glaze. It is believed that the appearance in China of 13th-century brush-decorated wares from Persia sparked a change. These works, painted in blue cobalt under the glaze, inspired the brushwork of the Chinese and the resulting so-called blue-and-white style. Ming artists also excelled in painting over the glaze, using brilliant enamel colors. The overglaze technique, which evolved over two centuries, demanded correct preparation of the enamels, skill in application, and the proper (low) firing temperature. The overglaze enamel decorations executed during the reign of Chenghua (1465-87), which were never surpassed in China, incorporated flowers, foliage, and figure subjects against backgrounds of arabesques and scrollwork. Designs enclosed within dark blue outlines were filled in with brilliant color. Enamel decoration of superb quality was also executed in Japan during the Edo period (1615-1868) by celebrated artists and potters of the caliber of Kenzan, Kakiemon, and Ninsei. In the ancient Aegean the potters art developed continuously from the Neolithic period and through the periods of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations, culminating, in ancient Greece, in a unique type of painted pottery, which reached its height between the 6th and 4th centuries BC. The finest Greek pottery, especially Attic vases, was exquisitely proportioned and often decorated with finely painted relief work. Unlike artisans in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Persia, the Attic potters did not apply heavy glaze to their wares. The unique gloss commonly seen on Attic pottery and similar wares made elsewhere in Greece still baffles those who have tried to determine its formula and method of application. Neither a glaze nor a varnish, it is more marked on some areas, such as those painted black, than on others. Some experts conjecture that it may be attributed to illite or a similar clay mineral in a weak solution that was thinly applied to the surface of wares or mixed into the black paint used by the artists. In the Islamic world ceramic decorative art flowered with the creation of a great diversity of painted wares. Painted luster decoration on pottery originated in Mesopotamia and spread to ancient Egypt; later, under Islam in Persia, this type of decoration on white-glazed wares became incredibly brilliant. Islamic luster-painted wares were later imitated by Italian potters during the Renaissance. MAJOR TRADITIONS IN THE WEST After the fall of the ancient Roman Empire potters in Europe produced little other than repetitive utilitarian wares until the end of the Middle Ages. Earthenware A distinctive type of earthenware known as majolica, which was derived from Chinese porcelain, appeared in Italy during the last quarter of the 14th century. It is now believed that this type of painted earthenware was inspired by the Hispano-Moresque luster-decorated ware of Spanish origin introduced to Italy by Majorcan seagoing traders. Majolica ware, whether thrown on the wheel or pressed into molds, was fired once to obtain a brown or buff body, then dipped in glaze composed of lead and tin oxide with a silicate of potash. The opaque glaze presented a surface that was suitable to receive decoration. A second firing after decoration fixed the white glaze to the body and the pigments to the glaze, so that the colors became permanently preserved. Frequently, the beauty of these wares was increased by dipping them in a translucent lead glaze composed of oxide of lead mixed with sand, potash, and salt. When certain luster pigments and enamels were used in all-over painting, wares had to be specially fired at low temperature. Application of metallic luster pigments required great skill because these colors were extremely volatile and needed special handling. Luca della Robbia (see della Robbia, family) did not, as has been held, invent the enamel tin-glazing process; nevertheless, his work raised majolica production from a craft to high art in Italy. Not only did he use blue and white enamels in decorative work, but, as a sculptor, he also used the majolica technique to add brilliance to the surface of his productions. By the beginning of the 15th century Italian potters had abandoned the old familiar processes, and a revolution in style and techniques was under way. The severe style as followed principally in the school of Tuscany continued to the end of the 15th century, but rules and principles slackened until the inclusion of human figures in designs, previously frowned upon, was accepted. At the end of the 15th century Faenza became the thriving center of a reinvigorated pottery industry in Italy. A new, rich decorative style, known as istoriato, fired the imagination of potters, reaching its zenith in the workshops of Urbino. In early 17th-century England attractive slipwares were produced, including the slip-decorated earthenware that was a speciality of the Toft family of potters. A kind of tin-glazed earthenware was also produced in the Netherlands, principally at Delft, beginning in the mid-17th century. Termed delftware, it was among the first European wares to be decorated with motifs inspired by Chinese and Japanese models. Continental Porcelains Eventually, European potters, who much admired the porcelain of the Far East, attempted to imitate it, but the formula remained elusive. Francesco de Medici, grand duke of Tuscany, produced an inferior type of soft-paste porcelain in his Florence workshop during the 16th century. In March 1709, Augustus II of Saxony announced that his ceramist Johann Bottger (1682-1719) had discovered how to make porcelain. The first European royal porcelain manufactory was consequently established at Meissen (see Meissen ware) near Dresden, Germany. Throughout the century following the discovery of the porcelain formulawhen, despite the utmost precautions at Meissen, the secret leaked outmany rival factories were set up in Europe. Germany, Austria, Italy, France, and England soon had factories engaged in the production of wares much like those of Meissen. Porcelain figures were first produced in Meissen as table ornaments; the earliest examples were formed as part of sweetmeat dishes. Many splendid wares issued from the royal factory, but none were more admired than the finely modeled and decorated porcelain figures imitated by almost every German, Austrian, Italian, and English factory of note. Widespread interest in figures of both pottery and porcelain has continued to the present. Johann Joachim Kandler (1706-75), a master modeler, was the most notable of the artisans engaged in this work at Meissen and rivaled the famous Franz Anton Bustelli (1723-63) of Nymphenburg (see Nymphenburg ware). The methods used to produce porcelain figures as developed by Kandler imparted a new dimension to the art. German porcelain figures were usually produced from molds, which, in turn, were cast from an original master model made of wax, clay, or, occasionally, wood. The use of molds facilitated unlimited reproduction. Because the figures shrank during firing, allowances had to be made in their sizes; they were also provided with a small venthole in the back or base to permit excess heated air to escape. Because different factories placed these holes differently, their positions help determine the provenance and authenticity of given pieces. When considerable undercutting was necessary, porcelain figures were usually made in sections, using separate molds. Portions of elaborate groups and single figures were later joined by a specially trained assembler (known as a repairer) who usually worked from a master model. Europes second hard-paste porcelain factory began operations at Vienna in 1717. In the late 1700s at the royal Sevres (see Sevres ware) factory in France, potters experimented until they developed a remarkably white, finely textured body. Sevres wares were painted in unique colors that no other European factory could duplicate. The bleu de roi and rose Pompadour of Sevres wares captivated all Europe and, with the products of Meissen and Vienna, inspired English potters. English Wares The finest English porcelainboth soft- and hard-pastewas made between about 1745 and 1775. The first English porcelain was probably produced at Chelsea (see Chelsea ware) under Charles Gouyn, but his successor Nicholas Sprimont, a Flemish silversmith who took over management in 1750, was responsible for the high-quality wares, especially the superb figures, for which the factory became famous. Factories at Worcester (see Worcester ware), Bow, and Derby also produced wares that rival those of the Continent. Led by the ambitious, energetic, and enterprising Josiah Wedgwood and his successors at the Etruria factory, English potters in the late 18th and early 19th centuries became resourceful and inventive. Wedgwoods contributions consisted mainly of a much improved creamware, his celebrated jasperware, so-called black basalt, and a series of fine figures created by famous modelers and artists. After Wedgwood, other potters of the first half of the 19th century developed a number of new wares. Of these, Parian ware was the most outstanding and commercially successful. The name of this ware was derived from Paros, the Greek island from which sculptors in ancient times obtained the creamy or ivory-tinted marble that Parian ware resembled. The first examples of this new product, described as statuary porcelain, issued from Copeland and Garrets factory in 1842 and were immediately acclaimed. Two varieties of Parian ware were produced: statuary parian, used in the making of figures and reproductions of sculpture, and hard-paste, or standard, parian, from which hollowware was made. Statuary parian, incorporating a glassy frit, is classified as soft porcelain. Standard parian, with a greater proportion of feldspar in the composition but no frit, is hard porcelain. Early parian statuary was ivory-tinted due to the presence of iron in the feldspar devoid of iron silicate. Suitable deposits were eventually located in Sweden and Ireland. Both English and American potters either obtained details of the original formula or worked out their own, and the resulti ng production of Parian wares on both sides of the Atlantic was enormous. Among the most beautiful and successful wares invented by 19th-century potters were those decorated in what came to be known in England as pate-sur-pate, a paste-on-paste technique devised sometime after 1870 by Marc-Louis Solon (1835-1913) of Mintons in England. Pate-sur-pate, involving both modeling and painting techniques, was stained Parian ware decorated with reliefs in translucent tinted or white slip, the colors being laid one upon the other. Solon was inspired by a Chinese celadon case decorated with embossed flowers that he had admired in the museum at Sevres, where he worked for a time. At first his slip painting on biscuit porcelain simply peeled off; he was successful, however, when he applied layers of slip to a damp surface. Minton wares decorated with pate-sur-pate became the most costly and coveted ceramic ornaments produced in England in the last quarter of the 19th century. Only a few English potters mastered Solons complex technique, although the work of his pupil, Alboin Birks, rivaled that of the master. 20th-Century Developments By the late 19th century, with the development of machinery and the introduction of new technologies, the age of mass production dawned and the potters art consequently suffered. Western ceramic wares declined markedly in quality of materials and decoration. Florid designs, gaudy coloring, and inartistic shapes became fashionable, and the resulting decadence continued into the 20th century. Not until the 1930s were signs of revival in the form and decoration of ceramics discernible, principally in the productions of artist-potters who were active in Western Europe and the United States. Many of these artist-potters arrived at their innovations by way of continuous experiment with materials and techniques. Others sought inspiration from primitive types of Japanese pottery or in the forms of ancient American Indian traditions. Since the end of World War II the design and decoration of ceramics in both Europe and the United States, especially ornamental wares, has been largely influence d by individual artist-artisans. Commercial products, such as tablewares, have tended to reflect the styles and patterns developed by these potters, whose work has often shown striking originality.